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1— SILVER LEAF POPLAR. 
2.— YELLOW BIRCH. 
3.— SYCAMORE. 



4. —WIS. WEEPING WILLOW. 

5. — BALSAM POPLAR. 

6. — AM. WHITE BIRCH. 



-.— EU. WHITE BIRCH 
8.- HONEY LOCUST. 



H 



H 



H 



SECOND EDITION. 



A PRACTICAL WORK 



ON THE 



Propagation and Management oe Trees 



FOR 



Forest and Ornamental Planting. 



. WITH A 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 



])^ By VV. W. JOHNSON, 

Author and Publisher, 

SNOll'FLA K E^ ANTRIM CO.. M/CHICAN. 



ILLU.STRATED IN COLORS 

liv Armstrong & Co., Boston, Mass. 






,;'"($ 









isio.j.fj (pSri^- O 



CHICAGO: 

J. J. Scalding & Co., Printers and Binders, 
158 Clark Street. 

1884. 



1/ 



ENTERED ACCORDING TO AcT OI-- CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1883, KV 

W. W. JOHNSON, 
IN THE Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



''y-b-^^ 



f 



I 



CESaCENTS 




\ 



FOREST LEAVES. 



PEOPAGATIOK. 

The two methods most commonly emjiloyed in the propagation of the 
different varieties of trees used in forest and ornamental planting are, firstly, 
from seed, which may properly be termed the natural method, and secondly, 
from cuttings of the wood. 

SEEDS. 

As a rule, the different kinds of forest trees are perpetuated from seed 
without perceptible variation trom the parent type, while the reverse is true 
of nearly all of the cultivated varieties of fruit trees and plants. 

In learning to grow trees from seed, it is necessar\' to observe their nat- 
ural conditions and surroundings in any given case, the character of the seed, 
its period of ripening, its exposure to the action of the weather after ripen- 
ing, the degree of moisture and temperature at which it starts into growth, 
the character of the soil it occupies, and the various conditions under which 
the young shoot grows and thrives after germination. For example: The 
beech nut ripens late in the fall, is released from its cup, which has been 
opened by the action of the frost, and falls to the ground, to be immediately 
imbedded in the damp fallen leaves, where it starts into germination the 
ensuing spring at a low temperature, only a few degrees above the freezing 
point, Nature having thus kept it perfectly fresh, without any exposure to a 
drying atmosphere. After germination, only those specimens which are 
favored with shade and moisture during the summer months are apt to sur- 
vive. Then, a few years later, we find these survivors in need of more air 
and sunshine, and ready to start into vigorous growth at the removal of the 
superabundant shade. Another example: The catalpa seed, which also 
ripens in the fall, is contained in a long, smooth pod, which during the pro- 
cess of growth and ripening gradually parts with its moisture, the outside 
shell becoming hard and glazed, so as to exxlude" dampness, the whole re- 
maining on the tree in a dry condition during the winter months, and not 
until the sun's hot rays have warmed the soil do the drying winds of spring 
burst the pods asunder and carry the light-winged seeds through the air, 
finally depositing them on the surface in a thoroughly dry condition, perhaps 
sifting a little sand, dust or other light covering over them. Two or three 
weeks later the young seedlings come forth in full exposure to the sunlight, 
and thrive and flourish without shade of any kind. Hence it will be observed 
that while certain general directions may be given concerning the prepara- 



4" FOREST LEAVES. 

tion of the soil, sowing the seed, transplanting, etc., that will be applicable 
in most cases, it will also be necessary to note the peculiarities of each, and 
the treatment required to insure success. This will be done further on, in 
connection with the descriptive list. 

In undertaking to grow a general assortment of varieties from seed, at 
least four different plats of ground will be needed, which we will designate 
respectively as the Seed Bed, the Seedling Nursery, the Nursery, and the 
Forest, all of which should be in a good state of cultivation, all stones, litter 
and rubbish of every kind removed, and the ground thoroughly and deeply 
plowed, replowed and leveled down, just previous to sowing, planting, or 
transplanting, as the case may be. The following described tools will be 
needed in addition to those commonly in use on the farm : 

A wooden rake, with a head about three feet wide, and teeth made broad 
at the base, and tapering to a point, and set six inches apart. This is for use 
on the seed bed as a marker, with which to open the rows, and also to cover 
the seed. 

Two iron planting stakes eighteen inches long, with sharp point at lower 
end, and a horizontal bar eight inches long inserted near the top, in the form 
of a cross. 

A planting line, to be attached to the stakes, which is stretched tightly 
when needed by inserting the stakes in the ground and winding up, turning 
them by means of the horizontal bar. 

A large wooden marker, in the form of a rake, with a heavy head about 
six feet wide, and teeth set about fifteen inches apart. They should be nine 
inches long, made wide at the base, and sharpened to a point. 

One Ruhlman's wheel hoe, — a tool which is indispensable in any garden. 
They are on sale at all the leading seed stores, and cost at retail $5.50 each. 



THE SEED BED 

is necessary for certain varieties which require careful nursing, shading, or 
other special treatment, or which are adapted to being grown very closely 
together at the start. Only a small piece of ground is needed for this pur- 
pose, and a portion of it should be covered with open lattice work, or in 
some other way prepared so as to partially e.xclude the sun's rays, and also 
admit the rain ; to be devoted to those varieties which require shade the first 
season from seed, and also those small seedlings which need shade the first 
season froin transplanting. 

After the bed has been made smooth and level, take the small marker 
above described and open the rows by drawing it across the bed. Sow the 
seed thickly in the rows ; then, by placing the marker so that the teeth will 
pass half way between the rows, and drawing it across the bed, the seed will 
be nicely covered. Regulate the depth to which the seeds are covered, by 
drawing the rake lightly or heavily as needed. Tree seeds, as a rule, should 
be covered very lightly — just sufficient to hide them from view. This will 
apply to all small seeds, and most large ones. If the ground seems to be too 
dry at the surface, better take pains to V.eep it moist with the sprinkler, than 



FOREST LEAVES. 5 

to bury the seeds so deep that they can never reach the light. The distance 
to which a shoot can push upward througli the soil before its vitality is 
exhausted, varies usually according to. the size of tlie seeds, but in all cases it 
is very limited, excepting the walnuts, oaks, and a few other kinds which 
grow strong tap roots. The time for sowing most varieties is late fall or early 
spring, either according to convenience. Those seeds which are liable to be 
injured by drying can be kept fresh through the winter by mixing them with 
sand and placing them in the cellar, or they can be boxed up and buried in 
the ground Some varieties, not affected by frost, can be left on the surface 
of the ground, and covered with a litter of leaves or straw. All the seeds ol 
coniferous varieties are greatly benefited by being soaked in warm water for 
four or five days previous to sowing, changing the water daily to prevent 
souring or fermentation. After having been soaked, as above recommended, 
to facilitate sowing, they may be rubbed in dry sand to remove the surface 
moisture, and the sand sifted out with a fine sieve. The seed bed should be 
gone over several times during the summer, and all weeds and grass care- 
fully removed. In doing this, frequent use of the knife should be made, to 
remove weeds that cannot be pulled up without disturbing the roots of the 
young seedlings. Many varieties of tree seeds do not germinate until the 
second season from sowing. In such cases, small stakes should be stuck at 
intervals along the rows, so that their location may be known at time of vi'eed- 
ing, and care taken not to displace the dormant seed. All varieties planted 
in the seed bed which do not attain a growth of, say five inches the first sea- 
son, should be allowed to remain there until after the next season's growth. 
This will include about all of the evergreen varieties, and some of the others. 
Those which exceed five inches should be transplanted into the seedling nur- 
sery after the first year's growth, and all the others after two years' growth. 



THE SEEDLING NUKSEKY. 

In this should be sown or planted the seed of those varieties which make 
a rapid growth at the start, and which do not require shading the first season ; 
also all the evergreens and other small seedlings, on their removal from the 
seed bed, should be transplanted here. Thus the seedling nursery will con- 
sist of two separate departments, — one for sowing or planting seed, the other 
for transplanting young seedlings. 

For the seed open the rows fifteen inches apart by drawing the large 
marker across the ground. Sow as closely as the size of the seed will per- 
mit. Cover with a garden rake or hoe, or by using the wheel hoe with the 
blades reversed, they can be covered as fast as a man can walk. 

For transplanting open the trenches fifteen inches apart, using the stakes 
and line. Set the stakes with line attached one at each end of the row. 
Draw the line tightly by winding on one of the stakes. Open the trench 
with a spade to whatever depth may be necessary to admit the roots, cutting 
it perpendicularly on the side next to the line. Place the seedlings in the 
trench as closely as the roots will permit. Secure them in an upright posi- 
tion close to the line by packing the soil firmly against the roots, then fill 
up the trench and tramp each side of the row firmly with the feet. Proceed 



6 * FOREST LEAVES. 

in like manner with each row, being careful while putting in the seedlings to 
keep them from actual contact with the line, or the result will be a crooked 
row. Crowding the line is a very common fault with beginners. In 
handling seedlings that have been grown in the seed-bed or purchased from 
a distance great care should be taken to prevent the roots from drying. 
Keep them constantly covered with soil or wrapped in moistened sacks. A 
few minutes' exposure of the roots of evergreens to the dry air is sure death 
and is very damaging to most deciduous varieties. 

The seedling nursery should have good clean cultivation, and for this 
purjiose Ruhlman's wheel hoe is recommended as being a very economical 
and effective tool. 

All the seedlings in the seedlijig nursery should be removed after one 
season's growth. A few of the most rapid growing varieties should then 
be set in the forest, while all the evergreens and most of the others should 
be transplanted into 

THE NUKSERY. 

In the nursery the rows should be three feet apart and the trees six and 
twelve inches apart in the row. The former being the distance for deciduous 
varieties and the latter for evergreens. Plant with stake and line, exercise 
the same care in handling and give the same cultivation as recommended 
above. The evergreens should be removed from the nursery to their per- 
manent place in the forest or elsewhere when they have attained a hight 
of from two to three feet, the smaller size being preferable; and the 
deciduous varieties when from four to five feet high. 



THE FOKEST. 

It is a matter of common observation that whenever any tree grows 
in an isolated position in the open field it will form a very short trunk 
and a large, spreading top, and that while trees grown for their fruit yield 
the best returns when of this character, quite the reverse is true when 
the object is the production of timber. By observation of natural forests, 
and from the experience of planters in Europe and elsewhere, we learn 
that the best timber results are produced by planting the trees closely 
enough at the start so that after a year or two of cultivation a constant 
shading of the surface will be maintained during the growing season, and at 
the same time each individual tree will have room enough to make a healthy 
growth, thinning out by removing alternate trees from time to time as more 
space is required. Hence the following directions are given, viz.: Set the 
rows four feet apart and the trees two feet apart in the rows. Cultivate the 
ground for two years. At the close of the third season remove every alter- 
nate tree in the rows. At six years from planting remove every alternate row. 
At nine years from planting remove every alternate tree in the rows then 
standing. At twelve years from planting remove every alternate row. At fif- 
teen years from planting remove every alternate tree in the rows then standing. 

On this plan the stand would be as follows, viz.: 



ist to 4th year 




2 by 


4 feet 


4th to 7 th year 




4 by 


4 feet 


7th to loth year 




4 by 


8 feet 


toth to 13th year 




8 by 


8 feet 


13th to 1 6th year 




8 by 


16 feet 


ifith year and thei 


reafter 


16 by 


16 feet 



FOREST LEAVES. ■ 7 

5445 trees per acre 

2722 trees per acre 

1361 trees per acre 

680 trees per acre 

340 trees per acre 

170 trees per acre 

It will be seen from the foregoing that after three years the forest 
plantation commences to be a source of revenue in the way of poles and 
fuel from the necessary thinnings, and that this supply is constantly in- 
creasing with each year's growth. 



THE UNITED STATES LAW 

for tlie encouragement of timber jilanting, as amended in 1878, is given in 
full at the close of this volume. Below is a partial abstract of the same 
which will serve as a guide to planters operating under this law. 
In case of a one hundred and sixty acre claim : 

First Year. Break or plow five acres. 

Second Year. Break or plow another five acres, and cultivate to 
crop or otherwise the five acres broken the first year. 

Third Year. Cultivate to crop or otherwise the five acres broken the 
second year, and plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings the five acres broken the 
first year, with not less than twenty-seven hundred trees to each acre. 

Fourth Year. Plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings the five acres 
broken the second year, with not less than twenty-seven hundred trees to 
each acre. Cultivate and protect for eight years (counting from first year 
above mentioned), and have growing on each acre at time of making proof, 
not less than si.K hundred and seventy-five living and thrifty trees. 

If the entry be for less than one hundred and sixty acres, one-sixteenth 
of the number of acres entered must be planted in the same manner and in 
the same proportions as stated above. In regard to the kind of trees which 
may be planted, any variety will do which is recognized in the neighborhood 
as being of value for timber or commercial purposes, or for firewood and 
domestic use. This is in accordance with a decision given February loth, 
1882. Previous to this time a list had been specified by the department 
which omitted several varieties of recognized value, thus causing consider- 
able dissatisfaction among planters. 

As already indicated, the principal supply of trees for the forest planta- 
, tion should consist of transplanted stock from the nursery, or seedlings from 
the seedling nursery, but there are some varieties of such rapid and vigorous 
growth and so easy to manage that they do not need the care of the nursery, 
and the seed may be planted directly in the forest ; these will be mentioned 
in the descriptive list. The poplar and willow cuttings will also do very 
well, if planted at once in tlie forest or other permanent location. The 
principal objection to planting seeds and small seedlings of many of the 



8 * FOREST LEA VES. 

slower growing varieties at once in the forest is, that they require careful 
cultivation until they have attained sufficient growth to shade the ground 
and take care of themselves, and this can be more cheaply and effectively 
done in the nurseries than in the forest, as a great deal less ground is occu- 
pied. For instance : the space required in the seedling nursery for twenty 
thousand seedlings the first year from seed would contain about three hundred 
as planted in the nursery and only fifty as planted in the forest. 

Various plans have been adopted to facilitate the work of making forest 
plantations, but probably the most economical and expeditious way is to 
open the trenches with a plow, going twice in the same furrow where the 
length of roots requires it, setting the trees in the middle of the trench thus 
made. It requires one man to distribute the trees and hold them in an up- 
right position, while another packs the soil closely around the roots ; then 
after a quantity have been placed in position in this way, the trenches can 
be leveled up with spades and tramped firmly with the feet. The depth to 
which trees should be set varies somewhat with the soil and climate. 
AVhere the soil is good and the climate favorable they should be set no 
deeper than they stood before removal ; but in light soils with a climate 
subject to extremes of heat and drouth it is advisable to set them about 
two inches deeper. 

SEEDLINGS. 

It will be evident, by this time, to the reader who has carefully studied 
the foregoing general instructions for growing trees from seed, and who 
will also note further the particulars concerning the management of seeds 
of the several varieties in the descriptive list, that a great deal of patient, 
persevering study and work are necessary to insure success. Whoever 
undertakes it will also learn that, with all the theoretical knowledge that 
can be had upon the subject, there is still much to be learned from actual 
experience. Those who are not familiar with the process of growing from 
seed, and who attempt to produce a general assortment of trees in this 
way, thinking it cheaper than to buy young seedlings, will probably be 
disappointed at the result. Hence, from a business standpoint, that is, 
with a view to getting the best returns for the money invested, it is recom- 
mended that planters who have not had the necessary experience should 
buy young seedlings, or transplanted stock from seedling nurseries. 

These may be procured at any time after the wood ripens in the fall, 
and before growth commences in the spring. The nurser) men who make 
a specialty of growing and shipping these seedlings arc men who under- 
stand how to do it, and planters can usually depend upon them t' , . 
erly dig, handle and ship. e 



SHIPPING BY FKEIGKT. 

Seedlings are classed as perishable property, and transportation com- 
panies require that freight charges shall be prepaid, or that the shipper 
shall guarantee their payment at end of route. In shipping long dis- 




y 



\ 





RG-E WHITE POPLAR. 
rtlP TREE. 
>RWAY MAPLE. 



4 -SCARLET MAPLE. 
6. — EU. BEECH. 



6.— BALM OF GILEAD. 
7. — RUSSIAN MULBERRY. 



FOREST LEA VES. 9 

tances, they are liable to pass througli the hands of several different com- 
panies, and where the charges have not been prepaid, they are sometimes 
stopped and held at some place of transfer until after they start into 
growth, and thus become a total loss, or else are greatly damaged. On 
this account it is best, in ordering them sent by freight, to provide for 
having the charges prepaid. 



BY EXPRESS. 

The express companies do not require prepayment of charges, and 
on small bills the rates are often less tiian by freight. On bills of fifty 
pounds weight or more, the charges would be more than by ordinary 
freight, but as there is seldom any delay on the route, it is better to pay 
the extra expense and have them sent through by express. 



BY MAIL. 

All small seedlings can be sent safely to any part of the country in 
the mail, and this is the cheapest way to send small quantities. It is 
often the case, where the distance is great, that the expense on large bills 
is less than by express. When sent in this way, the roots are caret'ully 
packed in damp moss, and then wrapped in oiled paper to secure them 
from drying out. The limit of weight allowed by law to a single package 
is four pounds, but any number of packages may be sent to the same 
address. The present rate of postage is sixteen cents per pound, and 
packages can be sent by registered mail on payment of a registry fee of 
ten cents additional on each package. 

A tal'le s/iowing average ic'eighl of seei/lings per 1,000, as packed ready 
for shipping: 

By Mail. 

2 pounds- 

3 " 
5 " 

10 " 





Size 




By 


Express or Freight. 


Jnder 


4 


inches. 




5 


pounds, 


4 to 


6 






8 


u 


6 to 


9 






10 


K 


9 to 


12 






20 


a 


1 2 to 


18 






30 


l( 


18 to 


24 






40 


t( 


2 to 




feet. 




60 


11 


3 to 


4 


(C 




"5° 


(( 



As soon as the seedlings arrive, they should be taken out ot the 
package, or box, the bundles opened, and the roots buried in moist soil, 
in a shady place, from which they will be removed as wanted for plant- 
ing, being careful not to allow the roots to become dry at any time when 
taking them from the boxes, or afterwards in transplanting. The name 
of the variety, and the size of the seedlings, will indicate where they should 



lo • FOREST LEAVES. 

be placed and their future treatment, which should be the same as pre- 
viously stated under the head of growing trees from seed. 



CUTTINGS. 

A few varieties of forest trees, notably the poplars and willows, are 
very easily grown from cuttings of the wood, and are commonly propa- 
gated in this way. The new wood is used for this purpose, — that is, 
the wood of the previous season's growth. It should be cut in November 
or December, before any extreme cold weather occurs, and during mild 
-weather, when there is no frost in the wood. Keep fresh by putting it 
away in sand, in the cellar, and work up into cuttings during stormy 
weather in winter. They are made by simply cutting the wood with a 
sharp knife, into sections of about eight inches in length ; then pack them 
away in sand or earth, in shallow boxes, so that the upper ends will be 
exposed to the air. Kept in this way until spring, the callous forms on 
the lower end, and they will start more quickly into growth than if cut 
in spring, just before setting them in the ground. 

In planting them out, it is important that the lower ends should have 
the earth packed tightly against them, and to do this successfully it is 
necessary, if planting them in the nursery, to open a trench by stake and 
line, as recommended for seedlings; or, if in the forest, to throw out a 
spadeful of earth at each place where the cuttings are to be inserted. 
They should be set deep enough so as to cover up to the terminal bud. 



DESCKIPTION OF VARIETIES. 

This list is not intended to include all varieties native to America, 
nor all those of foreign introduction, but simply such of the more com- 
monly known sorts as are being planted for timber and ornamental pur- 
poses, and such others as are believed to be of especial value for the afore- 
said uses. They are all hardy, unless otherwise noted. 



FOREST LEAVES. 



DEC ID I' OU 8 V Al? I E T I ES. 

THE MAPLES. 

The maples as a class are justly celebrated for their luxuriant shade, 
their beauty and brilliancy of foliage in autumn, and timber of great value 
for fuel and manufacturing purposes. They are all very easy to trans- 
plant, and adapted to a great variety of soils and climate. As they start 
very early into leaf the transplanting should be attended to in the fall or 
early in the spring. They will live if moved after the leaves start, but 
will not make as good a growth the first season as they otherwise would- 

AsH-LE.'WED Maple, Box Elder. Acer iiegiiin/o, Negiiiido aceroides. 
— A native of the Middle and Western States, reaching North to Minnesota 
and the British possessions. It is a medium sized tree of extremely rapid 
growth, usually about thirty feet high at maturity, though in some localities 
it attains a height of sixty or seventy feet. It is common along river bot- 
toms and other moist locations, but succeeds well in cultivation in dry soils, 
rooting deep and enduring severe drouths. Its wood is close and fine- 
grained, and is useful in cabinet work. It makes excellent fuel. Its sap is 
sweet and is utilized in some sections for making sugar and syrup. 

The seeds ri]3en in October, and can be kept dry until ready for 
sowing. Sow in fall or spring: any time during the spring will do, but 
early sowing is best. Sow in the seedling nursery and transplant into the 
forest, or sow in the forest. 

Norway Maple. Acer platanoides. — A variety of foreign introduc- 
tion. It is a stout, healthy, vigorous grower and attains a large size in 
the forest. Its wood is hard, excellent for Tuel and lumber. The seeds 
sold in this country are obtained from Europe, and by careful handling 
can be furnished here in early spring in good germinating condition. They 
should be partially dried, just enough to prevent moulding, then kept in 
that condition without exposure to heat, moisture or dry air. They should 
be sown early in spring while the weather is cool and moist. Sow in seed- 
ling nursery, transplant into nursery, and from thence into the forest. 

Sycamore Maple, Plane Tree. Acer pseudo-platanus. — Introduced 
from Europe. In growth it resembles our sugar maple, and seems to be 
equally at home here, showing no signs of disease nor lack of hardiness. 
The seeds are handled the same as Norway maple, and the directions for 
sowing and transplanting are the same. 

Sugar Maple, Hard Maple. Acer sacch'ariniim. — This is one of 
our most highly prized native trees. It is common in the forests of the 



12 ^ FOREST LEAVES. 

Atlantic coast from New Foundland to the Carolinas, and in tiie interior as- 
far west as the Mississippi river, and northward to Manitoba, attaining its 
greatest size and perfection in the region of the great lakes. In the forests- 
of the Grand Traverse region in Michigan specimens can be seen which 
measure twenty feet in circumference and over one hundred feet high, 
having trunks extending upward a distance of seventy feet without a limb- 
The congenial soil and favorable climatic influences of this region seem 
to have accomplished a wonderful improvement in this variety by natural, 
selection; so much so that seedlings of these giant trees sent out from here 
are noticeably more vigorous and rapid in growth than ordinary sugar maple 
seedlings, and are in many cases believed by nurserymen and planters to be 
of some new variety. 

The wood of the sugar maple is hard and compact, and is noted, 
for its beauty and durability when used for furniture and ornamentals 
finishing work. The lumber is extensively used in building and manu- 
facturing, and always commands a high price in the market- It is the 
great sugar tree of America, and its yearly product of sugar and syrup, 
amounts to over ten million dollars in value. The following, in reference 
to it, is taken from Wood's Class Book of Botany: 

"The branches become numerous and finely ramified in open situa- 
tions, and in summer are clothed with a foliage of uncommon luxuriance- 
and beauty, on which account it is more extensively cultivated as a shade 
tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and favorite elm.. 
Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is mostly tiie pro- 
duct of this species. An ordinary tree will yield from five to ten pounds- 
in a season. The wood is very strong and compact, and makes the best 
of fuel. It is sometimes curled like the red maple, but oftener presents- 
that beautiful arrangement of fiber called bird's-eye maple, which is so 
highly esteemed in cabinet work. The flowers are exceedingly abundant, 
and, suspended on long, thread-like pedicils, are most delicately beautiful." 

The seeds ripen in September, and can be kept fresh by simply 
spreading them in a thin layer on the surface of the ground until ready 
for sowing, if sown in the fall. If to be kept until spring, they should be 
taken up before cold weather sets in, and dried a little to remove the 
outside moisture, then put away in a cool cellar, in boxes or barrels. 
If they commence sprouting before the ground can be got ready in the 
spring, they should be spread out and dried a little. Sow as early in the 
spring as possible. Sow in the seedling nursery, transplant into the nur- 
sery, and from thence into the forest. 

Silver-leaf Maple, Soft Maple, White Maple. Acer dascycarpum. 
— One of the most beautiful of maples. It has been quite a favorite for 
prairie planting in some parts of the west, owing to its rapid growth at 
the start, and the ease with which the seeds can be secured. Its wood is 
quite soft and light, and the branches are often broken down by the action 
of wind and storm. The seed ripens in May, and cannot be kept over 
until fall and retain its vitality ; hence, it should be sown as soon as pos- 



FOREST LEA VES. i 3 

■sible after it is taken from the tree; cover one inch deep. Sow in seed- 
ling nursery, and transplant to nursery or forest. 

Rep Maple, Scarlet Maple, Soft Maple, Water Maple. Acer 
ntbnim. — This tree is common in the forests of the east, from Canada to 
Florida, and extends westward to Nebraska. It is a beautiful tree for 
-street planting, and its lumber is highly prized for cabinet work and other 
manufacturing purposes. Its scarlet blossoms in the early spring have a 
rare beauty, and its gorgeous autumn colors are unsurpassed by any other 
variety. In fact, nature produces nothing else at that season of the year 
that will compare with it for magnificence of color and showy array. 
The seeds ripen in May, and may be sown at once, or dried and kept over 
until fall or spring; but, if not sown as soon as gathered, they will come 
up unevenly, many of them lying dormant in the ground until the next 
spring. Sow in the seed bed, under shade, transplant into seedling nur- 
sery, thence to nursery, and thence to forest. 

Striped Maple, Water M.\ple. Acer Pennsyivanicum. — A very 
unique and pretty variety for ornamental purposes; a native of Michigan, 
Pennsylvania, and some other eastern states. It is a small tree, of very 
rapid growth, but never attains timber dimensions, and is useful only for 
ornamental purposes. It makes a fine display of flowers and seeds, com- 
mencing about the fifth year from seed. The seeds ripen in September, 
and keep well in a dry condition. Sow in fall or early spring, in the seed 
bed, under shade, transplant into nursery, and from there to the forest or 
other permanent location. 



thp: iiorsk chestnuts. 

American Horse Chestnut, Buck Eve. Aesculus glabra. — A native 
of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and some of the other states east of the 
Mississippi river ; usually found growing along the river bottoms. It is a 
small tree, of but little value, except for ornamental purposes. The seed 
is a round nut about one inch in diameter, smooth and black, with a hard 
shell; ripens in October. Keep fresh, and sow in the spring; cover one 
to two inches deep. Sow in nursery, and transplant into forest. 

European Horse Chestnut. Aesculus hippocastanum. — A native of 
Asia, but succeeds well here, and is more desirable as an ornamental tree 
than the American variety, as it holds its foliage better, and is a more 
healthy, vigorous grower. Flowers are very showy; usually white. Seeds 
like the buckeye, only larger, and require the same treatment. 



AII^ANTHUS. 

Tree of Heaven. Ailanthus glandulosa. — A native of China. It 
has been in cultivation in the United States as an ornamental and timber 



,4 , FOREST LEA VES. 

tree for over twenty-five years, and is a variety which has some very strong 
points in its favor for timber planting. It is reasonably hardy, but might not 
be able to endure the extreme cold of Minnesota and other states on our 
northern border. It will produce more weight of timber in a year than 
any other variety, making a stout, heavy growth of about four feet the 
first year from seed, and at two years old it is often ten feet high and two 
inches in diameter. The small seedlings offered by nurserymen are got 
by sowing very closely, thus keeping them small the first season. It ultains 
large dimensions in the forest, and the wood is hard, compact and dur- 
able, making excellent fuel and lumber. It is liable to throw up suckers 
from the roots, but this does not render it particularly objectionable in 
timber plantations. The foliage has a rich tropical appearance, the main 
leafstalks being about three feet long. The seeds ripen in the fall, and will 
retain their vitality for several years in a dry condition. Keep the seeds 
dry, and sow at corn-planting time ; cover one-half inch. They come up 
quickly, and are as easy to grow from seed as corn or beans. Sow in seed- 
ling nursery, and transplant into forest, or sow in forest. Transplant any 
time during spring; even with careless handling they are almost sure to live- 



KUROPKAX ALDEK. 

Alnus ghiiinosa. — A native of the continent of Europe, and for several 
centuries past it has been in cultivation in England, where it has attained a 
high state of perfection and is held in great esteem by land owners. 
Specimens are there growing which are eighty feet Jiigh and over three 
feet in diameter. Since its introduction into the United States it has grown 
rapidly in favor, on account of its rapidity of growth, its general thriftiness, 
and the beauty of its form and foliage. Its wood is soft and is valuable for 
cabinet and furniture work, and for stave timber. The charcoal is used in 
making gunpowder, and the bark for tanning. The seeds ripen in Septem- 
ber, and can be kept dry for several years. Sow in fall or spring. Sow in 
the seed bed, under shade, transplant into the nursery, and from there into 
the forest. Very easy to transplant. 



PAWPAW. 

Asimina triloba. — A stnall tree, common from Pennsylvania south to 
Florida, west to the Mississippi river, and northward to Michigan. It 
is too small to be of any value for timber but makes a fine ornamental 
tree, and is also cultivated for its fruit, which resembles the Banana in form 
and color, and, when fully ripe, is very delicious. They ripen in October, 
and the seeds should be sown then, or kept fresh and sown in the spring. 
They come up slowly, along during the summer, making three or four 
inches growth the first season and about six inches the next, after which they 
grow quite rapidly. Sow in the seed bed, transplant into the seedling nurs- 
ery, from there to the nursery, and thence to the forest or other permanent 
location. 



FOREST LEAVES. 15 

BBRBERRV. 

Bakberry. Berhi-iis Canadensis. — A native shrub of great value for 
defensive hedges and also for its fruit. Its points of excellence as a hedge 
plant are as follows: It is perfectly hardy, thrifty and free from disease, 
enduring our severest winters without injury. It is a shrub, and does not 
have to be cut back every year or two to prevent it from growing into a tree. 
Its thorns are abundant and sharp. It stools out at the crown, forming 
an impenetrable wall, but never suckers from the roots. 

Its appearance is ornamental, the blossoms being quite showy in sum- 
mer, and its luxuriant display of fruit during the fall and winter forms an 
attractive feature of the landscape, and is of recognized value in the markets. 
The seeds are ripe in October, and can be sown then or kept fresh in the 
berry until spring. In either case it is best to remove them from the berry 
before sowing. Sow in the seed bed, under shade. Transplant into seed- 
ling nursery and from there into the hedge row, setting them about one foot 
apart. Cultivate a strip a few feet each side of the row, for two or three 
years, until they become thoroughly established, and after that they will 
reiiuire no further attention. 



THE BIRCHES. 

These are all noted for their graceful form and foliage. The seeds 
ripen in September, are very small, are dry when ripe, and will keep in that 
condition a year or more without losing their vitality. They are difficult to 
grow from seed unless great care is used and the following directions strictly 
adhered to : Sow in the seed bed under shade in the spring, cover very 
lightly, sprinkling just enough fine earth over them to hide them from view. 
Water the ground where they are sown with a fine sprinkler to keep it moist 
until the young plants begin to show, and occasionally after this if the ground 
becomes very dry. The growth is feeble the first year but very rapid 
after that, being often as much as three or four feet the second year. Trans- 
plant from seed bed to nursery, and from there to the forest. Easy to trans- 
plant. 

European White Birch. Betula alba. — A native of Europe. Noted 
for its beautiful appearance as an ornamental tree. The bark is smooth 
and of a snowy whiteness, and the branches and foliage are very grace- 
ful and pretty. Its wood is quite hard and is used for pegs and lasts 
and a variety of other purposes, but is not durable when exposed to the 
weather. 

American White Birch. Betula papyracea. — This tree, on account of 
its rare grace and loveliness, has very justly been named "The Lady of the 
Woods." Wherever seen, either in its native state or under cultivation, it is 
an object of general admiration. The bark is smooth and snowy white, and 
is much used for making canoes and also for baskets and various ornamental 
work. The wood is hard, and of much value for manufacturing purposes, 



,6 FOREST LEAVES. 

but decays quickly when exposed to the action of the weather. It is com- 
mon in the forests of the New England states and Canada, and in the region 
of the great lakes, extending northward to Hudson's Bay. 

Yellow Birch. Betula luted.— h native of northeastern and northern 
United States and Canada. It attains a large size in the forest ; some of the 
largest specimens being three feet in diameter. Its wood is hard, and of a 
beautiful reddish cast, being more highly esteemed for cabinet work than 
cherry. It is called yellow birch from the beautiful yellowish color of the 
bark, which is also very smooth and ornamental. Its rapid growth, and 
the great value of its wood for fuel and manufacturing purposes, together 
.with its extreme hardiness, should make it a general favorite with forest 
planters. 



EUROPEAN HORNBEAM. 

Carpinus betiilits. — A native of Europe, where it is much used for screens 
and hedges. It is a small tree of slow growth. As a hedge plant it bears 
pruning well, and makes a very compact hedge. The roots run deep and do 
not sucker or sprout. It is hardy and healthy, being a success in nearly all 
■soils and locations. Seeds ripen in the fall, and do not come up until the 
second year from sowing. Sow either in fall or spring. They can be kept 
through the winter in a dry condition. Sow in the seed bed under shade, 
transplant into seedling nursery, and from there to the hedge row or oth- 
er permanent location. 



SIIEI^E BARIC HICKORY. 

Cana alba. — A native of the northern states, extending westward to 
Nebraska, and south to Tennessee. It attains a size of two feet in diam- 
eter and about one hundred feet high. Its wood is noted for its hardness, 
strength and elasticity, and is very extensively employed in the manufacture 
of wagons, carriages, etc., and also for ax helves and ox bows. It is 
better than hard maple for fuel, and always commands the highest market 
price. The seed is a nut from three-fourths of an inch to an inch in diame- 
ter, and has a hard shell. It ripens in October, and should be planted in 
the fall or packed away in sand and wintered in the cellar. If so treated, 
they will germinate the first season. They will keep dry and retain their vi- 
tality several years, but when so kept they lie dormant in the ground from 
one to three years before commencing to grow. Cover one inch. The 
growth for the first two or three years is slow, not more than three or four 
inches a year, but after that they increase more rapidly in size and vigor, 
sending down a strong tap-root very deep into the earth, and hence, should 
be transplanted to their permanent location the first or second year, for if 
done later they are apt to die or suffer severe injury from loss of the main root. 
Plant in seedling nursery and transplant into forest, or plant at once in the 
forest. Transplant either in fall or spring. 




1.— BOX ELDER. 
2.— EU. ASH. 
3.- RED OAK. 



4.— WITCH HAZEL. 
6 -STRIPED MAPLE. 



FORES T LEAl ES. j 7 



THE CATAI.PAS. 



The four varieties described in this list are quite similar in foliage and 
in the appearance of the bark and wood, and also in their time of starting 
into growth, which is quite late in the spring and after many other trees are in 
full leaf. They vary materially in size at maturity, also in time of blossoming 
color of blossoms, length of seed pods, and especially in point of hardiness. 
The seeds also vary much in size, but have the same general characteristics 
in other respects, and require the same treatment. They ripen in October, 
and are securely enclosed in long pods of a glossy brown color, appearing 
to have been varnished. These pods remain on the trees all winter, and 
retain the seeds until spring in a dry condition. The seeds can be gathered 
at any time during the fall and winter months, and should be kept dry until 
they are sown. The\' will keep several years without losing their vitality. 
The proper time to sow these seeds is in the spring after the ground becomes 
warm, say about corn-planting time. If sown too early they will rot in the 
ground, or damp off soon after coming up. Cover not more than one-half 
inch deep. Sow in seedling nursery, transplant into nursery or torest, or 
sow at once in the forest. 

Hardy Cat.'Vi.pa. Cattilpa speciosa. — A native of the Mississippi Valley 
and its tributaries in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Ten- 
nessee, and further south. Its growth.in the forest is upright and vigorous, 
and at maturity is about three feet in diameter and one hundred feet tall. 
The wood is quite soft and light, but exceedingly durable, and is of the 
greatest value for timber and manufacturing purposes, and for all uses where 
great durability is required when exposed to the action of the weather. It 
is especially valuable for fence posts, telegraph poles, bridge timbers, ties, 
shingles, lumber, etc. It takes a fine polish, the grain presenting a beautiful 
appearance when finished in oil, and there is no tendency of the lumber to 
warp or spring, hence it is highly esteemed for cabinet work and for inside 
finishing of houses, railway carriages, etc. As a variety for forest planting, 
it stands at the head of the list, being at the present time more extensively 
employed for this purpose than any other tree in existence. One of the 
largest plantations of this variety is being made by the Missouri River, Fort 
Scott and Gulf R. R. Co., near Farlington, Kansas. It was commenced in 
the fall of 187S, at which time 100,000 were planted, 217,000 more were 
planted the next season, and large quantities were also planted in the fall of 
1881 and the year following. At the present time their plantation contains 
about one million trees of this catalpa speciosa, which are in a flourishing 
condition. Though subjected to a very severe drouth in 1881, which ruined 
the grain crop, they showed no signs of injury, but made a strong and vig- 
orous growth. 

It would be well here to note some of the characteristics of this tree, 
which account for its great popularity with tree planters. 

1. It is the easiest of all trees to transplant, there being scarcely one in 
a thousand which fails to grow, even after being shipped across the continent 
and subjected to great exposure and careless handling. 



i8 FOREST LEA lES. 

2. Its freedom from disease and the attack of insects. 

3. Its adaptability to all soils in which any tree will grow, being equally 
at home on our moist, rich bottom lands and dry sandy plains. 

4. Its hardiness. The question of hardiness is frequently raised in' 
regard to it from the fact that the catalpa bignonioides resembles it quite 
closely, and is not hardy enough to withstand the severity of our northerr* 
winters, being of about the same degree of hardiness as the peach, while the 
catalpa speciosa is a hardy tree, having repeatedly stood the test of thirty- 
five degrees below zero without in|ury. Until q,uite recently, it has not 
been generally known that there were two distinct varieties of catalpa, native 
to the United States. To illustrate the lack of knowledge which has pre- 
vailed among scientists on this catalpa (]uestion, the attention of the reader 
is asked to the following extracts from the report of the Commissioner of 
.Agriculture of the United States for the year 1875. See pages 151 and 167. 

"By an act of the last Congress an appropriation was made to enable 
the different departments of the Government to participate in the Centen- 
nial Exposition of 1876. In pursuance of this object,, the Botanist of the 
Department of Agriculture undertook to make a collection to represent the 
trees of the United States. The aim was to represent every important tree 
by botanical specimens. * * * Well knowing that the chief value of 
such a collection would depend upon its scientific accuracy, arrangements 
were made to engage competent persons in the different fields of labor. "" * 

" No. 194. Catalpa bignonioides. Walt. 

"Catalpa — Southern States. A tree well known in cultivation, and 
hardy as far north as latitude 41 degrees. It is a native in the southern 
and southwestern states, and in southern Illinois and Indiana. It attains 
a height of 50 or 60 feet, and a diameter of i-j to 2 feet. The leaves are 
large and the flowers showy, and when in bloom the tree is extremely orna* 
mental. The wood is light, but of a fine texture, and capable of receiving, 
a fine polish. It is said to be very durable." 

Now the facts are that the catalpa bignonioides is a native of the south- 
ern states, being common in Georgia, and other locations near the southern 
Atlantic coast, but that not a single tree of this variety has ever been found 
growing native in the Mississippi valley and its tributaries north of the Gulf 
region, and that the native catalpas of southern Illinois and Indiana, referred 
to in the above quotation, are of the hardy speciosa variety. 

Prof. J. C. Teas, of Carthage, Mo., an experienced horticulturist, and 
one who has given this matter a careful and thoro'ugh investigation., says : 

" Of the two kinds of this tree which are natives of North America, 
the species common in cultivation is called by botanists catalpa bignonioides, 
and is well known as a native of the southeast coast of the United States, 
abounding in Georgia and adjoining states. It was discovered by the early 
explorers, pretty soon after the first European settlements, and, according to 
Loudon, was introduced into England in 1726, and, we presume, into culti- 



FOREST LEAVES. 19 

vation in the colonies north of its original home, not far from the same time- 
Grown in eastern nurseries, and sold as an ornamental tree, it soon worked 
its way west. It produces seed so freely, and is so easily grown, and withal 
so handsome in bloom, that it is no wonder it kept pace with the ever- 
advancing ' westward bound ' wave of civilization. It is indeed most unfor- 
tunate that this tree from Georgia and Florida should have occupied the 
attention of planters, and spread over America and Europe, while the infin- 
itely superior kind, growing in the forests of the great Valley of the Missis- 
si|5pi, has been so strangely overlooked and neglected. 

"The first published account of this new catalpa, as it was then called, 
appeared in the Western Horticultural Review, \'ol. iii., No. .\i., August, 
1S53. It was afterwards named ' Speciosa,' by Dr. Warder and myself, and 
that name was first published in my nursery catalogue at Raysville, Ind., 
about the year uSsG. We were not then certain whether it was a separate 
species or merely a strongly marked variety of catalpa bignonioides. We 
are glad to learn that it has recently been ranked as a distinct botanical 
species, and described under the name 'Speciosa' by Dr. Englemann. It 
has also been called ' Hardy' by Suel Foster, and others in Iowa. It has 
proved quite hardy in the severe winters of northern Illinois, Iowa and 
Nebraska, and has grown and bloomed even in Minnesota, while the com- 
mon or Georgia kind has been killed down in cold winters, even south of 
the latitude of Indianapolis (40 degrees). 

"This superior hardiness is a matter of immense importance, especially 
to the great northwest, where the winters are very cold, and the natural 
supply of timber is meagre and altogether inadequate. The fine upright and 
very rapid growth of the speciosa, seems as if determined to make tall 
straight trees, while the common or Georgia kind usually grows low and 
sprawling, with short and often crooked trunks. So that even where the 
winters are mild, and hardiness no object, the superior habit of growth of 
the speciosa is a matter of the utmost importance in its favor. 

" I found the catalpa speciosa more or less abundant, wild, in the forests 
along the lower Wabash river and its various tributaries in Indiana and 
Illinois, the lower Ohio, the Mississippi in Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri 
and .Arkansas, and west of the Mississipi)i along the Black, St. Francis and 
Little rivers, and in smaller numbers along the Arkansas and Red rivers. 
From a careful examination and study of the catalpa in the territory gone 
over, it seems clear that all the native trees in these forests are of the early 
blooming hardy 'speciosa' catalpa. This is its native home. And not a 
single wild tree of ' common catalpa' was seen or heard of, though I found 
plenty that had been planted or grown from scattered seed of planted trees. 
It affords me not a little satisfaction to know that since my investigations 
were made, a considerable ])ortion of the same ground has been gone over by 
■my friends, Dr. John A. Warder of Ohio and Robert Douglas of Illinois, both 
eminent tree men, the one President of our American Forestry Association, 
and the other an extensive nurseryman, of life-long experience, both looking 
up the same subject, and each separately arriving at the same conclusions." 

The seeds of the catalpa speciosa are a little larger and noticeably wider 
than the catalpa bignonioides, and there is a marked difference in the 



20 FOREST LEA VES. 

time of blossoming, the s])eciosa being about two weeks earlier than the 
other. 

5. Its remarkable durability in exposed situations. General Harrison, 
in an address at an agricultural fair near Cincinnati over fifty years ago, told 
of a catalpa foot-log over a small stream in the Wabash country which had 
been in use for one hundred years and was still sound, showing no signs ot 
decay. There are many well authenticated reports of catalpa fence posts 
which have been set fifty years or more and still show no signs of decay. It 
is generally believed by those who have had a life-long experience with it 
that it will outlast any other timber in use, not even excepting red cedar. 

Prof. Teas gives the following account of the old dead catalpas neai 
New Madrid, which is in confirmation of their great durability: 

"Such marvellous statements have been made in regard to these old 
trees that I determined to visit them and see for itiyself. I found a vasi 
tract of country known as 'The Sunken Lands,' varying in width from eighl 
to twenty miles and extending a long distance north and south nearly paral- 
lel with the Mississippi river, and a few miles west of it, in southeast Missour 
and northeast Arkansas. The area of this great swamp and lake is put dowr 
in Lippincott's Gazetteer at 3,000 square miles, nearly 20,000,000 acres. Ii 
was originally part of an immense forest on nearly level rich bottom land, 
probably subject to overflow in time of very high water in the Mississippi 
and covered with a heavy growth of oaks, cypress, sweet and black gum 
catalpa, hickory, ash, elm, cottonwood, sycamore, sassafras, honey locust 
maple, pecan, etc., etc., with innumerable undergrowth and clambering vines 
It had never been molested by the hand of civilized man, when the terribk 
convulsions of the winter of iSii and 1812 shook the very foundations of the 
earth, and sunk this great tract a few feet below the level of the surrounding 
forests, enough to cause it to become overflowed from ten feet deep ir 
places to mere swampiness at the edges. The trees on this overflowed lane 
were all killed by the water on their roots or other causes not understood 
The other trees decayed in course of time, as is their nature, and there ii 
now nothing to show that they ever existed, except a few stumps and log; 
preserved by having been under the water. The catalpas in like mannei 
died, but did not decay, for that is not their nature, and they stand there 
yet, firm and erect as on the great earthquake day, though dead for two 
thirds of a century. In that sixty-seven years there have been many severe 
storms, and as all the other trees are long since gone and the old catalpai 
left standing alone and unprotected, it is not strange that their tops shouk 
have been blown off, leaving only the trunks or stumps. The tallest one o 
the old trunks I saw, measured eighty feet high to where its top was broker 
off. They are of every length from that down to three feet or less abov< 
the water. In diameter they are mostly one to two feet, though some are 
considerably larger, and some mere poles of six or eight inches. Many o 
the best of these old trees have been cut and used for posts, etc., and the 
hunters and fishermen use them for fuel. There are thousands and thou 
sands of them still standing alone in that dreary waste, bleached anc 
battered by the storms, their tops worn to a ragged feather-edge, pecked ir 



FORES T LEAVES. 21 

loles by the birds, and every crack, windshake and knot-hole enlarged by 
he unsparing liand of time. Many of them are hollow in the upper part, 
vhere squirrels and birds build their nests and rear their young with little 
ear of molestation. Often as we glided among them in the trapper's 
:anoe, we could see clear through where the cracks and holes were on oppo- 
ite sides. But the wood that is left is as sound as ever, though that towards 
he tops may be not quite so tough, yet would work well into anything it is 
arge enough to make, and I believe bear as fine a polish as new wood. The 
ower part is very tough and strong, apparently just as good as ever, and is 
nuch used for posts. It seems remarkable that the old catalpas killed on 
iry land, have long since fallen and lie sound on or in the ground (many of 
hem half buried in the mud), while those around which the water came, are 
till standing, silent yet eloquent witnesses of the wonderful endurance of 
he catalpa wood." 

6. Its rapidity of growth. Under ordinary circumstances its annual 
growth is nearly an inch in diameter and two to three feet in hight. Some 
)f these trees planted in Illinois forty years ago have averaged an inch in 
liameter a year for the wliole time and are still growing vigorously. 

Common C.\t.alp.a. Ca/nlpii bigiionioides. — So much has already been 
said about this variety in comparison with the preceding that it is only 
lecessary to add that it is a small tree, not usually attaining a sufficient 
size for timber, and that it seeds more abundantly than the speciosa 
.•ariety. 

Japanese Catalpa. Catalpa Koempferi. — This variety has yellow- 
lowers and is very desirable as an ornamental tree. My experience with it 
s limited, and I am not prepared to say what its value is as a timber tree, 
)ut so far it appears to be hardy and a rapid grower. The seeds are very 
imall but grow as readily as any of the other catalpas. 

Teas' Hvurid Catalpa. Originated by John C. Teas, of Carthage, 
VIo., from seed of the catalpa Koempferi, hybridized with catalpa speciosa. 
rhe following statements in reference to it are his, as given in a paper read 
It the joint meeting of the Missouri and Kansas State Horticultural Societies 
It Kansas City, Mo., December T6th, 1880: 

"The characteristics of the new variety are very marked and partake 
argely of those of both its parents. In its vigorous upright growth, it even 
surpasses them both. Its foliage is large and luxuriant and often though not 
ilways lobed, something like a tulip poplar leaf — in which we plainly see the 
lapan influence in its parentage, while the American is unmistakably shown 
nthe profusion of its large and handsome white flowers. The seed pods and 
seeds are very distinct, and are intermediate between those of the speciosa, 
which are the largest of all, and those of the yellow-flowering Japan species, 
rthich are the smallest. It is the most profuse bloomer of all the catalpas. 



22 FOKRST LEAVES. 

being literally loaded with flowers and remaining in bloom for several 
weeks — a much longer period than the otliers. I'he indi\idual flowers are 
the size of those of tlie common, not so large as the spcciosa, but this is more 
than made up by their greater abundance. They are white, with small purple 
dots and a touch of yellow around the throat, which last is a mark from the 
Japan side. The flowers are borne in clusters of extraordinary size, some- 
times numbering as high as three and even four hundred buds and blooms in 
one great panicle. They do not all open at once, but keep up a succession 
of bloom for a long time. The flowers have a very pleasant and delicate 
fragrance, and a tree in bloom not only presents a magnificent spectacle to 
the eye, but also fills the air for ([uite a distance with its agreeable 
odor. 

"The past spring (iS8o) I sent Prof Geo. Husmann, at the Missouri 
State University, one thousand very small trees, culls out of the one-year- 
old's — many of them no larger than small straws. They were set in nursery 
rows late in May, and though, it was a dry and unfavorable season, they 
made a surprising growth — many of them reaching a height of six feet or 
more, and from one to one and a half inches in diameter, and straight as 
young Lombardy poplars. 1 also sent a dozen larger trees of the same, 
which were delayed on the way, and he wrote me were as dry as sticks when 
received, and he thought, ruined. However, he planted them, and every 
one not only lived, but made a good growth. Some years ago I sent him 
scions of this catalpa, which he grafted upon the common, and they made a 
wonderful growth, some of the leaves reaching the enormous size of eighteen 
inches across. Small trees planted in village lots grew without cultivation 
in five years to be twenty-five feet high, and twenty-four inches in circum- 
ference at one foot from the ground, and I measured one shoot in the top of 
one of these trees which had grown eight feet in a single season. They 
have made double the growth of other catalpas alongside, under exactly the 
same conditions, though the last have made a fair growth. As a timber tree 
it must be of the greatest value and take a place in the very front rank, on 
account of the wonderful rapidity of its growth, which equals that of the 
most luxuriant trees of temperate climates, while its hardiness has been 
repeatedly demonstrated by its standing uninjured, with the thermometer at 
more than twenty degrees below zero. 

''The well known character of the catalpa for durability, ^nd the close 
resemblance between the wood of this and that of its parent, the speciosa, 
leave little room to doubt its being similar to the others in its power to 
resist decay. The leaves are very large and handsome — of a pleasant shade 
of green, and present quite a diversity of form on the same tree, many being 
heart-shaped, and some having lobes on one side, or both, terminating in 
sharp points. We have grown several thousands of these seedlings, and it 
seems like being a well established variety, though, of course, there are slight 
variations among the seedlings. While its vigor, hardiness, freedom from 
insects, etc., recommend this new tree so strongly for timber plantations— 
the same qualities, added to its stately habit, the magnificence of its bloom, 
its fragrance, and the beauty of its ample and diversely shaped foliage, can- 
not fail to make it popular as a tree for shade and ornament." 



FOREST LEA VES. 23 

ENOLISH IIAWTIIORX. 

White Thorn. Crataegus oxyacantha. — This tree, in its native country, 
is highly esteemed for defensive hedges, and it is found to succeed well here 
in most localities where it lias had a fair trial. The seeds are contained in 
a small apple and are enclosed in a hard shell. As usually handled, they do 
not germinate until the second season after sowing. The seeds are imported 
from Europe and do not arrive in time for fall sowing. Sow in early spring 
in the seedlirig nursery and transplant in the hedge row, or other permanent 
location. 

IIACKBKRRV. 

Ccltis Occideiitalis. — A native of the United States, widely distributed, 
but most common in the south. It attains a large size and the wood is very 
hard. Its growth is slow at the start but quite rapid after the roots become 
well established in the soil. It is at present but little known among tree 
planters, but as it has been found to succeed well on the western plains, it 
will be apt to receive more attention in the future. 



-JAPAN QUINCE. 

Cydonia Japonica. — A thorny shrub, which is used for a defensive hedge 
and also for ornamental purposes- Its blossoms, of a bright crimson color, 
appearing in early spring, are very profuse and showy, and produce a brilliant 
effect on the lawn or in the hedge row. Its growth is rather slow for a hedge. 
Jntroduced from Jajpan. 

PEESJIMMON. 

Diospxrus Virginiana. — A native of the United States, extending from 
the Atlantic to Iowa and south to the Gulf of Mexico, being common in the 
southern states, where it attains a hight of sixty or seventy feet. The wood 
lis very hard and fine grained. It bears a plum-shaped fruit which is very 
astringent when green, but edible when fully ripe. The seeds ripen in the 
fall and may be sown then, or layered in sand, and sown in tlie spring. They 
•come up the first season, making a growth of about nine inches. Sow in 
seedUng nursery, transplant into nursery and from there to forest. 



THE BEECHES. 

They delight in a cool, moist climate, and do not succeed well in a 
climate subject to extremes of heat, cold or drouth. 

They are noted for their hard wood, smooth bark, and clean, graceful 
foliage. 

The seed is a small three-cornered nut, with a thin shell, which opens 
readily as soon as the germ commences to sprout. They ripen in October, 



24 , FOREST LEA VES. 

and require to be kept fresh until time for sowing, which is late in fall or 
very early in the spring. Sow in the seed bed under shade. Transplant 
into seedling nursery and from there to the forest. This plan puts them into 
the forest at small size, but it is necessary, as they are difficult to transplant, 
unless attended to when small. 

American Beech. Fagns ferniginca. — This tree is common in the 
forests of our northern frontier, where it attains its greatest development. 
It also occurs, more or less common, in the middle and southern states. 
Timber men designate different specimens as red and yellow, the red 
wooded trees furnishing timber of great durability, and the yellow decaying 
quickly in exposed situations. The wood is hard, close grained and heavy, 
and is of great value for fuel and manufacturing purposes. Its growth is 
slow for the first two or three years, but after that it gains rapidly and 
becomes a stout, vigorous grower. It commences bearing nuts at about ten 
years from seed, and in a climate not too cold for the peach, it produces 
abundantly every alternate season, but in very cold climates it seeds spar- 
ingly. The seedlings, as above indicated, are not very easy to transplant, 
but if proper care is taken to keep the roots moist in handling and give a 
partial shade the first year, there need be very few failures. 

EuROPE.AN Beech. Fagus sylvaticq. — A native of Europe, where it is 
extensively planted in forests, and is considered an important timber tree, 
and would, no doubt, prove a valuable addition to our list of trees for forest 
planting. It has already become very popular as an ornamental tree, and is 
noted for its rich foliage and luxuriant shade. The seedlings are more 
compact in growth than the American variety and are easier to trans- 
plant. 



THE ASH. 

The different varieties of ash are all of great value for timber, the 
American white ash being probably the best. Many western planters, how- 
ever, who are acquainted with the green ash, claim it to be equally as good, 
and the latter variety often goes by the name of white ash. The seeds of 
these two varieties bear a very close resemblance, but the green ash is more 
easily grown from seed, as it usually comes up the first season, while the white 
ash, and also the other varieties mentioned below, do not germinate freely 
until the second season from planting. 

The ash trees of all varieties are noted for their beauty and symmetry, 
and are highly prized for ornamental purposes. 

The seed of ash ripens in September and October, becomes dry on the 
tree and can be kept alive in this condition for several years, but the best 
results come from seed kept as fresh as possible. They can be layered on the 
ground and covered with litter, or layered in sand in a pit or cellar. Sow in 
fall or spring in the seedling nursery, and transplant into the forest. 

The ash wood is strong in alkali, and would probably do well in soils 
impregnated with it if other conditions are favorable. 




1.— PAWPAW. 

2— BLACK LOCUST 



4. — SUGAR MAPLE. 

5. — AM. HORSE-CHESTNUT. 



6.- JAP. CATAt 
7. — EU ALDER 



FORES T LEAVES. 25 

American Whii e Ash. Fraxinns Americana. — A native of the eastern 
United States, extending from Canada to Florida, and west to the Missis- 
sippi river. Its growth is very rapid, often making from six to nine feet in 
height in two years from seed. It attains a large size in the forest, some- 
times exceeding three feet in diameter, with long trunk and beautiful spread- 
ing top. Its timber is of the greatest value, being much used in the manufacture 
of tools, implements, wagons, etc., also for floors, cabinet work, and inside finish- 
ing of houses, railway carriages, etc. It is excellent for fuel, being one of the 
few varieties which burn readily in the stove without seasoning, The thin- 
nings of this variety as well as of the other ashes from the young forest, have 
especial value for hoop poles, handles, etc It attains its greatest develop- 
ment in a cool climate, and a rich, fertile soil, and does not succeed very 
well in poor soils. 

In a ])aper read at the Montreal Meeting of the American Forestry 
Congress, Mr. .\rthur Bryant, of Princeton, 111., says in speaking of the dif- 
ferent varieties of ash : "Of these the white ash is undoubtedly the most 
important and valuable. There is, in fact, no other of our native trees 
which could supply its place in the manufacture of farming implements, or 
for all purposes where lightness, strength, and elasticity are required." He 
also says of the seed : " The seed of the white ash is round without mar- 
gin, the wing attached to the apex; in the green ash the wing is continued 
as a margin nearly to the base of the seed, which is acute." 

Green Ash. Fraxinus viridis. — The general characteristics of this 
variety are much like tiie preceding. It differs in the following points, viz.: 
It is a smaller tree at maturity. It grows more rapidly at the start, say for 
two or three years. Its seed germinates readily the first year and is slightly 
different in form, as shown above. It is a great favorite with western plan- 
ters, and is perhaps more especially adapted to prairie planting than the other. 
Its home is in the west, where it is very common along the river bottoms. 

Black Ash. Fraxinm sambucifolia. — A native of the United States, 
being found common in low, moist soils in the forests of our northern bor- 
der and in Canada. At maturity it is about two feet in diameter, and one 
hundred feet tall. It grows very rapidly, requires a rich soil, but not nec- 
essarily a wet one. Its timber is used for the same purposes as white ash, 
and is also in demand for split stuff, for barrel hoops, and splints for bas- 
kets and chair bottoms. The seeds of black ash are long and flat, and 
winged all the way round, being quite distinct in appearance from the two 
preceding varieties. 

European White Ash. Fraxiiius excelsior- — A variety of foreign intro- 
duction, resembling in the shape of the seed and general appearance of the 
tree our native black ash, but, unlike it, it is especially adapted to a warm 
climate and succeeds well in a dry location. 

HONEY LOCUST. 

Gleditschia triacanthos. — A native tree common in the southern states,. 
where it attains a large size- It is also more or less common farther north 



26 FOREST LEA I ES. 

and extends from the Atlantic to the Rocky mountains. It is common in 
cultivation in European countries, where it is highly esteemed as a timber 
and ornamental tree, and for hedges. Its timber is hard, close grained, 
and durable, and is of great value for fence posts and rails, and is very use- 
ful for manufacturing purposes. The young seedlings are sometimes injured 
in a cold climate, but the roots survive, and after a year or two the wood 
becomes hardy and able to resist the severity of our northern winters. The 
objection sometimes made to the black locust that it sprouts from the roots 
will not apply to this, as it is entirely free from any tendency in this direc- 
tion. It is noted for its long, sharp thorns, and is often used as a hedge to 
turn stock, for which purpose it is well adapted. The seedlings vary greatly 
in respect to thorns ; some being very thorny and others almost entirely free 
from tliem. I have seen native trees of tliis variety with their trunks so 
thickly set with three branched thorns that a squirrel could not climb them. 
The seed grows in large pods and is bean-shaped, being a little smaller than 
ordinary white beans. They ripen in October, and may be gathered any 
time during the fall or winter. Sow in the spring. When ready to put 
them in, scald them by pouring on boiling water, letting them remain in the 
water until it cools off. Cover one-half inch. The most of them will come 
up in a (ew days, but some will linger along and show themselves during the 
summer and for the next year or two after. Sow in the seedling nursery, 
transplant into nursery and from there to the forest, hedge row or other per- 
manent place. They are very easy to transplant. 



KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. 

Gymnocladiis Canadensis. — A native of Kentucky and neighboring 
states, being found occasionally in New York and northward into Canada, and 
west as far as Nebraska. It sometimes grows to a diameter of two feet, and 
sixty feet tall. Its wood is heavy, and fine grained ; valuable for manufact- 
uring purposes. The seeds grow in large bean-like pods, and are nearly as 
large as chestnuts. They keep well when dry, but should be scalded in hot 
water and soaked a few hours before sowing. It grows readily from seed 
and transplants very easily. Sow in the spring in the seedling nursery, 
transplant to nursery and thence to the forest. 



FOREST LEA VES. 27 



THE IS^UT-JJEAEING TIIEES. 

The beech am] hickory have already been described, and under this 
head will be treated the black walnut, butternut and American sweet 
chestnut. The seed (/. e., the nuts) of these varieties require similar treat- 
ment, and also to a great extent the seedlings. The seed should be kept 
fresh from the time they are taken from the tree in October until they are 
planted, which may be either in the fall or early in the spring before the sprouts 
commence to grow. They may be pitted in the ground or layered in sand 
in the cellar. It is quite commonly understood that black walnuts and but- 
ternuts must be frozen in order to make them sprout. This is incorrect; 
no freezing is needed, and they are better without it, and the same remark 
applies to chestnuts and hickory nuts. As soon as spring opens prepare 
the ground and plant the nuts either in the nursery or forest, covering them 
about an inch deep. These trees root deeply, growing a heavy tap root the 
first season, and they can be easily transplanted by taking pains to save 
most of this root. The transplanting should be attended to not later than 
the second year, excepting the chestnut, which being of slow growth at the 
start, can be safely removed a year or two later. 

Black Walnut. Juglans nigra. — A native of the United States, 
extending northward into Canada, and occurring more or less common in 
the Atlantic states and west beyond the Mississippi river. It reaches its 
greatest development in the valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries. 
The value of its timber is well known, and probably exceeds that of any 
other native tree. So great has been the demand in recent years that the 
supply is nearly exhausted, and fabulous prices have been paid for fine spec- 
imens for veneering and other purposes. Manufacturers will have to look 
for their future supplies to the new forests of this variety, which are now 
being planted in the west. This tree needs a rich, deep soil, and will not 
thrive in a poor one. It succeeds well on the rich prairie soils of the west 
where no't subject to protracted drouths. It is also being successfully planted 
to sorr»e extent in the older settled portions of the country, where the orig- 
inal timber growth has been destroyed. As seedlings of the black walnut 
are quite expensive compared to most other varieties, it is advisable in plant- 
ing a forest to place them sixteen feet apart, and fill up the plantation^ with 
cheaper trees, which will necessarily be removed in the process of thinning. 
It commences to bear nuts in about ten years from seed. 

Butternut. Juglans cinerea. — A native of the eastern and middle 
States, extending westward to Nebraska. Its timber is of great value for 
manufacturing purposes. It is extremely rapid in growth and adapted to a 
great variety of soils. Thriving well in light soils, where the black walnut 
refuses to grow, it produces nuts at five years from seed, and the' price real- 



28 ^ FOREST LEA VES. 

ized for the nuts alone will pay well for the money invested, to say nothing 
about the value of the timber. This tree at its best seldom exceeds two feet 
in diameter, and in favorable locations attains a height of sixty feet. 

American Sweet Chestnut. Castanea vcsca. — This tree is a native of 
the Atlantic states, from Massachusetts to Georgia, is common in Tennessee 
and Kentucky, and northward to Michigan. It attains a large size in the 
forests, often exceeding three feet in diameter and a hundred feet tall. Its 
growth is slow at the start, and at three or four years old it should be cut 
back to the ground, when it will throw up a straight shoot three or four feet high 
the first season and continue to grow rapidly, increasing very much in growth 
and vigor. It commences bearing at about ten years of age. The chestnut 
is not adapted to all locations, and on this account is not a general favorite 
with tree planters. Numerous failures are reported on prairie soils, and it 
succeeds best on gravelly soils, on ridges, or on rocky hills and mountainous 
districts. 

Planters in some parts of Iowa and other western States, have suc- 
ceeded in growing chestnut groves, and report the best results from planting 
the nuts where the trees are to remain, giving some winter protection the 
first year or two. They claim that the tree is materially injured by trans- 
planting, which is not the case here. 



SWKKT (iUM. 

Litjtiidamber styracijiiia. — A native of the I'nited States, extending from 
New York to Indiana, and south to the gulf of Mexico. It grows to a large 
size. The wood is compact and fine grained. Tree a rapid grower. Val- 
uable for timber, and a beautiful variety for ornamental purposes. It prefers 
a deep moist soil, and is not hardy north of latitude 40° north. Seed keeps 
well in a dry state. Sow in spring in the seed bed, transplant in seedling 
nursery, then nursery and thence to forest. 



TUIjIP tkee. 

White Wooh, Yellow Popl.'VR. Liriodemlron iiilipifera. — A native of 
Ohio, Indiana, and adjoining states, and more or less common in other parts 
of the United States. It attains an immense size in tlie forest, sometimes 
reaching ten feet in diameter and one hundred and thirty feet tall. It is 
highly prized as an ornamental tree on account of its regular form, its pecul- 
iar foliage and its abundant flowers. Its lumber is of great value, and is 
much used for inside work in houses, and for cabinet work also in various 
manufactured articles. 

The tree is a rapid grower, and would be more extensively planted if it 
were not for the fact that it is very slowly disseminated from seed. Very 
few of the many seeds sown grow at all, and those which do usually lie dor- 
mant a year before coming up. The seeds ripen in the fall. Sow at once. 



FOREST LEAVES. 



29 



or keep fresh and sow in the spring. Sow in the seed bed and transplant 
into the nursery and from there to the forest. 



OSAGE ORAXGE. 

Madura ainantiaca. — A native of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Terri- 
tory, but found in cultivation as far north as Iowa. It is a large tree of 
timber dimensions in its native forests, but in cultivation it is principally 
grown for hedges. The wood is very heavy and hard, and is extremely 
durable. It grows slowly at first, but increases rapidly in size as it becomes 
older. The seeds ripen in the fall, and are left in the oranges until spring. 
When the oranges have become rotten, the seeds are separated from the 
pomace by washing out, and are then ready for sowing. In shipping to a 
distance they are liable to become somewhat dried, and should be soaked in 
warm water a few days before sowing. Sow in the seedling nursery and 
transplant into the hedge row, sorting them so that plants of equal vigor will 
come together in the row. For the hedge row a strip about twelve feet wide 
should be in a state of good cultivation, and requires to be worked for several 
years after the row is set. The plants should be set one foot apart in the 
row. The Osage orange never suckers or sprouts from the root, is very easily 
and cheaply grown from seed, and makes a perfect hedge. Hence its popu- 
larity. It is not quite hardy enough for our northern border. 

SOUK GUM. 

Tupelo. Nyssa multijiora. Pepperidge. — A native tree, extending from 
New England to Florida, and west to Michigan. It is usually a medium 
sized tree at maturity, but in favored localities grows to a large size. The 
wood is hard and very tough, the fibers being so crossed and interwoven 
that it is almost impossible to split it. It is used for wagon hubs, and also 
for box boards. 

The seeds ripen in the fall, and may be kept dry until spring. Sow in 
spring in seed bed, transplant to nursery, and from there to forest. 

SVCAMOKE. 

BuTTONvvooD. Platdiius JOccideiitalis. — A native tree, extending over 
a large portion of the United States. It is chiefly found growing along river 
bottoms, where it attains a magnificent size. Specimens are often found 
having a diameter of six feet or more. The large trees are always hollow, 
but the younger trees furnish a good quality of lumber for cabinet work and 
other manufacturing purposes. The sycamore comes easily from the seed, 
makes a very rapid growth, and is easy to transplant. Thrives best in a rich 
moist soil. The seed remains on the tree until spring; it forms a round ball 
about an inch and a half in diameter which contains an immense number of 
seeds. This falls from the tree when the new buds begin to swell and is 
scattered by the winds. Sow in the seed bed under shade and transplant 
into nursery, from thence to forest. 



30 , FOREST LEA VES. 

BLACK CHERRY. 

Primus scrotiim. — A native common in the forests in various localities 
east of the Mississippi river, attaining in some favored regions a diameter of 
three feet, and eighty feet in height. Its lumber is of the greatest value for 
manufacturing purposes. Its growth is extremely rapid, and it succeeds 
well in a great variety of soils and climate. It is one of those varieties espe- 
cially suited to the timberless regions of the west, and ought to become a 
leading variety in prairie planting. Like the white ash, the green poles make 
excellent fuel for the stove without seasoning. Its rapid growth is illustrated 
by a specimen tree, near Elgin, III, which measured sixty inches in circum- 
ference, one foot above the ground, when twenty-six years old. The cherries 
ripen in August, and the seeds should be washed out and layered in sand, 
and sown in the fall or early spring. If not kept perfectly fresh they will lie 
dormant a year before sprouting. Sow in the seedling nursery and trans- 
plant to forest, or sow in the forest where wanted. 



PEAR, 

Fyrus communis. — Introduced from Europe. In some parts of the coun- 
try, especially on the Pacific coast, the pear tree is used to a certain extent 
for forest planting. In moist clay soils it grows with great vigor, and attains 
a large size and a height of eighty to a hundred feet. The seed is mostly 
obtained from France and Germany. If it can be kept fresh and sown in 
the fall, or layered in sand and sown in early spring, it will grow the first 
season. If not, it is sure to show the next. Sow in the seedling nurserv, 
transplant into nursery, thence to forest. 



RED OAK. 

Quercus rubrum. — A well known native variety, common over a large 
portion of the United States. It is especially adapted to a cold climate. 
Its growth in the forest is very rapid, and at maturity is about three feet in 
diameter. Its timber is of great value for barrel staves, also for rails and 
posts. It makes excellent fuel when seasoned. The bark is of the highest 
qualily for tanning purposes, and on this account it ouglit to receive more 
general attention from forest planters. The acorns ripen in the fall, and 
must be kept fresh until planted. Plant in fall or spring in the seedling 
nursery, and transplant into the forest. 



BLACK LOCUST. 

Yellow Locust. Robinia pseudacacia. — A native of the United 
States, occurring in Pennsylvania and other states south and west. It is 
found in cultivation in all parts of this country, and has for a long time 
been a favorite tree for forest planting in Europe. Its growth is extremely 



POKES r L EA VES. 3 1 

rapid, and the wood is solid and noted for its great durability when 
exposed to the weather. In some localities it has been seriously injured 
by borers, and its cultivation discontinued on that account. On the 
whole, however, it is rapidly increasing in popularity, and is being exten- 
sively planted. It is especially adapted to light, sandy soils, but succeeds 
well in any good soil not too moist. The seeds grow in pods like beans. 
They ripen in the fall, and keep well in a dry condition. Sow in the 
sjiring, in the seedling nursery, and transplant into the forest. Very easy 
to grow from seed, or to transplant. 

Its blossoms are very showy and fragrant, and hence it is highly prized 
for ornamental purposes. 



THE MOUNTAIN ASH. 

American Mountain Ash. Pynis Amciicaiia. — A native of British 
.-America and northern United States. It is noted for extreme hardiness, 
and its beautiful appearance as an ornamental tree. Its fruit is a red berry, 
growing in large clusters, and remaining on the tree during the winter. It 
is a small tree at maturity, not large enough to be of much value for timber. 
Seeds should be kept fresh, and sown in tlie fall or spring. Sow in the seed 
bed, under shade; transjilant in seedling nursery, thence to nursery, and 
from there to forest, or other permanent location. Seeds do not germinate 
until second season. 

European Mountain Ash. Sorbiis auciiparia. — This tree much 
resembles our native variety, but grows to a larger size. It succeeds well 
here in the northern states in cultivation, and is highly ornamental. Direc- 
tions for sowing, planting, etc., same as above. 



THK BASSWOOD. 

American Bassvvood, Lynn, Linden. Tilia Americana. — A well 
known native tree, common in the forests of the United States and Canada. 
It is a very rapid growing tree, and attains a large size in the forest. The 
wood is very soft, but makes excellent lumber for many uses in building 
and manufacturing. Seed ripens in September, and keeps well dry. Sow 
in fall or spring in the seed bed, under shade. Does not germinate until 
the second spring. Transplant respectively into seedling nursery, nursery 
and forest. 

Small-leaved European Basswood, Lime, Linden. Tilia Eiiropcea. 
— Very closely resembles the preceding in appearance, quality of the wood, 
etc. Succeeds well here, and requires the same treatment. 

Large-leaved European Basswood. Tilia Eiiropxa grandifolia. — 
.\ variety with leaves and seeds much larger than the preceding. Direc- 
tions same as for the American variety above described. The basswoods 



32 FOREST LEA VES. 

are all noted for their beautiful foliage and luxuriant shade, and are in 
great favor witli bee-keepers on account of the great abundance and fine 
quality of the honev produced from their blossoms. 



THE KliMS. 

The varieties described below vary much in size and quality of timber, 
but are all very rapid growing trees; easy to transplant, and adapted to a 
wide range of soils and climate. The first three are native varieties. They 
all ripen their seeds in May or June, and the seeds should be sown imme- 
diately on coming from the tree. If this is done, no tree is easier grown 
from seed than the elm. Where the seeds have to be shipped long dis- 
tances, especially in the summer season, it is difficult to handle them so as 
to retain their germinating qualities. I have known cases, liowever, where 
the seed had been kept dry a year and then sown, and, after lying dormant 
another year in the ground, it came up thickly and did well. Sow the seeds 
in the seedling nursery, and transplant into the forest, or sow in the forest 
wliere wanted. If they germinate at all, they are almost sure to succeed, as 
they take deep root into the earth, and will fight their way upward in spite 
of any amount of abuse and ill-treatment. 

Americ.\n White Elm. Ulmus Americana. — This is the largest of our 
native elms, and the one which has been most commonly planted for shade 
and ornament. It is a tree of gigantic proportions, often attaining a 
diameter of six feet ; with beautiful spreading top, graceful, drooping 
branches, and fine foliage. As a timber tree its lumber is in great demand 
on account of its strength and elasticity. It is used in manufacturing for a 
great variety of purposes. 

Rock. Elm. Ulmus racemosa. — Not so large as the preceding, seldom 
being over two feet in diameter at maturity. It grows long and straight trunks 
of great strength and durability. The larger sizes are much sought after for 
ship-building, and the smaller ones are used for bridge timbers, piles, etc. A 
great deal of this lumber is used in manufacturing, in place of second growth 
white oak and hickory. The young trees have coarse, corky-barked twigs, 
which are very curious and beautiful. The seeds are a great deal larger 
than the other elms, and ripen about two weeks later. 

Red Elm, Slippery Elm. Uliiuis fiilva. — This variety grows to about 
the same size as the rock elm. Its timber is of great value for various 
manufacturing purposes. It is highly esteemed by prairie planters on 
account of its rapid growth, hardiness, freedom from disease, and the value 
of the young trees for fuel, posts, etc. The inner bark of this tree is mucil- 
aginous, and has great value for medicinal purposes. 

English El.m, Camperdown Elm. Ulmus campestris- — This is a favor- 
ite tree for ornamental planting in England, and since its introduction here 
has gained rapidly in favor for that purpose, and also for forest planting. It 



Plate v. 




1. -EU. HORSE-CHESTNUT. 



4.— SOFT MAPLE 



kt.t accru 



FOREST LEAVES. 33 

is claimed to be better adapted to planting in cities, where there is a great 
deal of smoke and dust, than any of our native species. 



VARIETIES PROPAGATED FROM CUTTIXGS. 

Silver-leaf Poplar, Abele, White Poplar. Popuhis alba. — This 
tree is of foreign introduction, but has been a long time in cultivation here 
for ornamental purposes, and is being employed to some extent in timber 
plantations. It is very highly spoken of in the west as a timber tree, Bry- 
ant regarding it as superior to any of our native poplars, while Prof. Watson, 
of Cambridge, Mass., is confident that our native species are better in every 
respect and for any purpose than any foreign ones that can be introduced. 
This tree, like all the poplars, is of remarkably rapid growth. It shows a 
strong tendency to send up shoots from the roots, which renders it trouble- 
some in cultivated grounds, but is not an objectionable feature in wood- 
lands. 

The Lombardv Poplar. Popuhis dilatata. — A tree of foreign intro- 
duction, which has been very generally diffused throughout the United 
States, having been usually planted for ornamental purposes. It grows 
straight and very tall, even when standing alone. The wood is soft and of 
but little value. It is a very pretty tree in contrast with other varieties, 
and when in full vigor; but it is objected to as being short-lived, and after 
it commences to die at the top its beauty is gone. It is very useful in tim- 
ber plantations to fill in between the trees that are intended to remain per- 
manently. 

The Large White Poplar. Popuius grandidentata. — A native tree of 
large size. The wood is valuable for lumber. It works smoothly, takes a 
good polish, and is not liable to shrink. It outgrows any other variety I 
knou- of, attains a larger size, and produces better lumber than any 
other. 

a 

Balsa.m Poplar. Popuius balsamifera. — This native variety also 
attains to timber proportions, and is a desirable sort for forest planting, 
although not so valuable as the preceding. They are both northern trees, 
and will endure any amount of cold without injury. They will also thrive 
and grow in our lightest soils, and in many western localities where it is 
difficult to get other trees to grow. 

Balm of Gilead. Popuius candkans. — A small native tree common in 
some parts of our northern forests, and well known in cultivation. It is not 
large enough to be of much value for timber planting, but as a sliade tree it 
is very popular on account of its rapid growth and beautiful form and foliage. 
Its buds contain a resinous substance of an agreeable odor, which pervades 
the atmosphere in the vicinity of the tree, and is supposed to counteract 
malarial influences. 



34 FOREST LEAVES. 

THE WISCONSIN WEEPING WII.I.OW. 

Salix Wisconsiana. — A native of Wisconsin, where it has long been known 
as one of the most beautiful weeping trees in cultivation. It has recently 
become very popular with tree planters on account of its exceedingly rapid 
growth, its thrift and vigor in all soils and locations, its extreme hardiness, 
and the ease with which it can be propagated from cuttings. Cuttings six 
inches in length, inserted in the spring, frequently attain a growth of eight 
feet the same season. It is extremely hardy and will grow in any soil, wet 
or dry, light or heavy. Reports of the most favorable character have been 
received from all parts of the country wherever it has had a trial. From 
the bleak Atlantic coast, from the rich prairie soils of Illinois and Iowa, from 
the sandy plains of western Kansas, from the alkali impregnated soils of Col- 
orado and Utah, from Idaho and the Pacific coast, and from the cold north- 
ern climate of British Columbia the testimony is uniformly to the effect that 
this willow is succeeding beyond all expectations and making a wonderful 
growth. Notwithstanding its remarkably rapid growth it proves to be 
tough and hardy, and does not break down from the action of wind and 
storm. Twenty-two years ago the writer planted a cutting of this variety in 
the vicinity of Milwaukee, and last fall it measured over sixty inches in cir- 
cumference. The ground where it stands was into grass at the time it was 
planted, and has been most of the time since. A tree at this place started 
five years ago from a cutting now measures thirty-two inches in circumfer- 
ence, is growing in a dry, sandy location, and has had no attention 
whatever since the first year. Its persistent weeping tendency prevents it 
from becoming very tall, but it grows tall enough to make saw logs, and the 
wood is excellent for fuel. It makes a very effective barrier against the 
wind when planted for this purpose, and a windbreak can be produced more 
quickly with this than any other known variety. It is very useful in mixed 
forestry as a nurse for other trees. The cheapness with which it can be 
grown from' cuttings renders it of especial value for this purpose. It is a 
good neighbor, deriving most of its substance from the atmosphere and tak- 
ing very little from the soil. 

EVERGREENS. 

Sow seed of all varieties of evergreens herein described in the seed 
bed, under shade, and when two years old transplant to seedling nursery. 
After one year more remove to the nursery. When about two feet high set 
them in the forest or elsewhere in their permanent location. Select cool, 
cloudy or rainy weather in the spring if possible, for transplanting, and exer- 
cise the greatest care in keeping the roots cool and damp during the process 
of removal. When seedling- evergreens are purchased from a distance, they 
should be planted in the seed bed, under shade one year, then successively 
transplanted into the seedling nursery, nursery and forest as recommended 
above. If the seed of evergreens is fresh, that is, not more than one or two 
years old, and has been properly cared for it is very sure to grow the first 
season ; but if the soil is very dry, the seed old, or if from any cause they do 
not come up the first year they should remain undisturbed, as they will 
probably germinate the next season. 



FOREST LEA VES. 35 



THE SPRUCES AND FIRS. 



Norway Spruce. Ahies exceha. — A tree of foreign introduction which 
has for a long time been grown in this country for ornamental purposes, 
hedges and shelter belts. It is also quite extensively employed in mixed 
forests. It succeeds well in a great variety of soils and locations, being a 
rapid and vigorous grower, and is greatly admired as an ornamental tree on 
account of its symmetrical form and rich, green foliage. It is better known 
and more extensively planted than any of the other spruces. 

Whixe Spruce. Abies alba. — A small tree native to the northern states 
and Canada, extending to the northern limits of vegetation. It is a beauti- 
ful ornamental tree, noted for its fine silvery foliage and graceful form. 

Bl.^ck Spruce. Abies //igra.—'Sa.Uve to the northern states and Can- 
ada, and extending south afong the Alleghany mountains. In favored situ- 
ations it grows to a large size and produces a very good quality of lumber. 
The foliage is coarser and tree of more rapid growth than the preceding 
variety. Highly prized for ornamental planting. 

Hemlock. Spruce. Abies Canadensis. — A well known tree of the north- 
ern states, from Maine to Wisconsin, extending northward to Hudson's Bay 
and southward to North Carolina. The old trees in the forest often have a 
rough, unsightly appearance, but as grown in the nurseries and open situations, 
with its fine graceful foliage, drooping branches and color of living green, 
it is the most attractive and beautiful of all the spruces. It is extensively 
emjiloyed for ornamental hedges, and no variety is better adapted for this 
pur])ose. It grows to a large size in the forest, often exceeding five feet in 
diameter and a hundred feet tall. Its lumber is much used in building for 
rough work and where great strength and durability are required. The bark 
is used in large quantities for tanning. 

B.4LSAM Fir. Abies balsamea. — A small tree native to ournorthern bor- 
der and Canada. It is in great demand for ornamental purposes. Its growth 
is regular and symmetrical, assuming the conical form when very young. 
It grows rapidly and succeeds in a great variety of soils. Its foliage of a 
beautiful rich green retains its color during the severest winters. A medi- 
cinal substance known as Canada balsam is obtained in large quantities 
from this tree. 

Silver Fir. Abies pectinata. — A European variety of large size and 
rapid growth. The timber is soft and is much used for lumber, shingles, etc. 
It is adapted to a more southern latitude than the balsam fir, although hardy 
enough to succeed well in most of the northern states. 

Douglas Fir. Abies Dougiasii. — A native of the Pacific coast from 
Mexico to British America. It sometimes reaches the enormous size of fif- 
teen feet in diameter and two hundred and fifty feet high. Its growth is 
extremely rapid and it succeeds in a variety of soils, but is best adapted to a 



36 • FOREST LEA PES. 

rich heavy soil, and a cool climate. It was introduced into Scotland in 1S26 
and has become a great favorite there for timber and ornamental planting. 
Its timber is of great value for ship building, and also for ordinary building; 
and manufacturing purposes. 



THE JUNIPERS. 

Irish Juniper. Juniperus communis. — A foreign variety which is used 
only for ornamental purposes, being a small tree of slow growth. Tlie foliage 
is very compact and fine, with a silvery glaucous appearance. The form of 
the tree is very distinct, being slender and upright. It is a beautiful tree for 
ornamental planting but rather difficult to transplant, as the roots are very 
fine and fibrous and dry up quickly when exposed to the atmosphere. 

Red Cedar. Juniperus J'^irginiana.- — A natiVe tree widely distributed^ 
being found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic to 
the Rocky mountains. It attains its greatest perfection in Tennessee, where 
the trees are often over two feet in diameter and eighty feet tall. Its timber is 
noted for its great durability but is of such slow growth that it seems hardly 
advisable to plant it for this purpose. It is a very fine ornamental tree, and is 
perfectly hardy. Difficult to transplant for the same reason stated above. The 
seeds of this and the preceding variety are inclosed in a berry whose pulp is 
very gummy and resinous. They need to be mixed with wet wood ashes for 
two weeks or more and then they can be washed clean from the pulp and 
kept fresh until ready for sowing. 



THE LARCHES. 

European Larch. Larix Europtca. — This foreign variety has been 
extensively planted in the United States for timber, and is still 
very popular in many localities. It grows very rapidly after the first 
three or four years from seed. It starts slow and needs transplanting before 
setting out permanently. It is included in this list of evergreens and 
requires the same treatment. It is a conifer and has many other charac- 
teristics of evergreens, but is deciduous after the first two or three 
years. In Scotland, where it has long been successfully cultivated, it has 
recently suffered from a disease which has thrown it into disrepute, and has 
led to the substitution of other more healthy varieties. Hough in his 
" Elements of Forestry " also says " Experience in the northwestern states 
has somewhat disappointed expectations with reference to the European 
larch; not as to the rapidity of its growth but as to the durability of its 
timber." In transplanting this tree it must be done very early in the spring, 
as it starts early into leaf and is difficult to move after that. 

American Larch, Tamarack, Hackmatack.. Larix Americana. — 
A native tree, common in the swamps of Canada and the northern states 
though frequently found doing well in cultivation on upland soils. Closely 



FOREST LEAVES. 



37 



resembles the preceding variety in form and foliage. The timber from the 
native forests is hard and very durable, and is used for a variety of pur- 
poses in building and manufacturing. A very fine tree for ornamental 
planting. 

THE PINES. 

White Pine, Weymouth Pine. Finns strobus. — A well known native 
tree, producing lumber of the greatest value for building purposes. The 
pine lumber of commerce is mostly the product of this species. Immense 
tracts of land in the northern states and Canada were originally covered 
with dense forests of this variety, notably in Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, 
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The demands of commerce and the 
greed of land owners for present gains, have led to the wholesale destruction 
of these valuable forests, and it is now only a question of a few years' time, 
at the present rate of consumption, before they will be entirely destroyed, and 
that without any adequate provision having been made for a future supply. 
With the disappearance of the white pine, all other varieties of timber suit- 
able for building purposes will rapidly follow. Hence, those who are novv 
actively engaged in the planting of forests for timber, may reasonably expect 
that their efforts will be richly rewarded. 

The white pine at maturity is a tree of gigantic proportions, often 
attaining a diameter of six feet, and a hight of one hundred and fifty feet or 
more. It succeeds in a great variety of soils, from very light sand to heavy 
clay, and will thrive in either wet or dry locations. In Europe it is being 
extensively planted, where it is prized above any of their native varieties. 
The pines are all of great value for ornamental purposes and are more easily 
transplanted than most other evergreen trees. 

Austrian Pine. Pinus Austriaca. — This tree is a native of Austria. 
It was introduced into England in 1S35, and into this country a few years 
later. It was at first planted as an ornamental tree, for which purpose it is 
especially desirable. Its stout, rapid growth, and general health and vigor 
in a great variety of soils, attracted the attention of forest planters, and for 
several years past it has been growing rapidly in favor. Its growth from the 
start is rapid and stocky, not shooting ahead quite so fast as the Scotch pine 
for the first few years, but having a more hardy, robust and healthy 
appearance. 

Scotch Pine. Pinus sylvestris. — One of the most valuable of European 
varieties. It is tough and hardy, of very rapid growth, and adapted to a 
great variety of soils and climate. Valuable for forest planting, especially 
in poor soils where many of the other varieties will not flourish. 

Red Pine, Norway Pine. Pinus resinosa. — This variety is destined 
to occupy a very conspicuous position in the future of forestry in the United 
States. It is a native of this country, and many of our most careful experi- 
menters believe it to be of greater value for forest planting than any other 
conifer, native or foreign. It grows and flourishes in exposed situations on 
the Atlantic coast, is equally at home in the rich alluvial soils of the Missis- 



38 FOREST LEA VES. 

sippi valley, the dry sandy plains of western Kansas, or the extreme cold 
winters of Wisconsin and Minnesota. In our poorest, dryest soils, it makes a 
more rapid growth of hard and durable tmiber than any other evergreen. 
Its timber is of great value, and its foliage is very dense and heavy, 
equal to, and closely resembling that of the Scotch and Austrian pines. 

Maritime Pine. A variety from southern Europe, of extremely rapid 
growth, and well suited to light soils in a southern climate, but not quite 
hardy enough for successful cultivation in the northern states. 



THE ARBOR VIT^9£S. 

American Arbor Vit.*, White Cedar. Thuja occidentalis. — A 
native of the northern states and Canada, usually found growing along the 
margin of lakes and rivers and in swamps. It grows to a large size, some- 
times five feet in diameter. Its timber is exceedingly durable and of great 
value for building and manufacturing purposes. It is extensively used for 
railroad ties, telegraph poles, bridge and building timber, fence posts,, 
shingles and lumber. 

Row boats constructed of this lumber are almost imperishable and 
command fancy prices in the market. This variety makes a beautiful lawn 
tree, and is extensively used for ornamental hedges. It is easily transplanted 
and bears pruning well. Though usually found in moist soils in its native 
state, it succeeds well in dry situations, growing quite rapidly. 

Chinese Arbor Vit.t,. Thuja oricntalis. — A very beautiful tree for 
lawns and ornamental hedges, for which purpose it has been for a long time 
in cultivation in our leading nurseries. 

Golden Arbor Vit.e. Thuja orieiitalis aurea. — A variety of the pre- 
ceding species with folige of a golden hue. Very pretty. 

Tom Thu.mb Arbor Vit.c Thuja Elhvaiigeriar.a. — A dwarf variety 
of great value for ornamental planting in small yards, cemetery lots, etc., 
where larger trees would not be suitable. 

Californi.-v White Cedar. Thuja Craigiana. — A native of California 
and Oregon, which is recommended for cultivation in the eastern states. 
It grows to a large size, and its wood is soft and very durable. Its symme- 
trical form and beautiful foliage make it very desirable as an ornamental 
tree. 

Giant Arbor Vit.*. Thuja gigantea. — A native of the Pacific coast in 
Oregon, Washington Territory and northward. It attains an immense size 
in its native forests, sometimes exceeding ten feet in diameter and two 
hundred feet high. This is also recommended for cultivation further east> 
and will probably prove to be of great value for forest and ornamental 
planting. 



FOREST LEA VES. 



39 



RELATIVE SIZE OF TREE SEEDS. 

In a work of this character it is difficult to give accurate descriptions of 
the different varieties of seeds without illustrations. These I have been 
unable to procure in time for this volume, and they have necessarily been 
deferred for insertion in the next edition. 

The following table will give an idea of the relative size or weight of seeds 
and aid the planter in forming a conclusion as to the amount required for 
any given purpose. It must be borne in mind, however, that there are always 
a great many of the seeds in any given variety which do not grow. The 
number of poor or false seeds being usually less among large seeds than 
small ones. Maple seed lobes grow in pairs and in some varieties, notably 
the sugar maple, one lobe contains a seed, while the opposite one is sterile, 
so that one-half of what appear to be seeds are nothing but empty shells. 



40 



FOREST LEA 1 ES. 



NUMBER OF SEEDS TO THE POUND, 



Ascertained by actual count: 

Common Name. 
European White Birch, 
American White Birch, 
American Arbor Vitre, 
Yellow Birch, 
Black Spruce, 
White Spruce, 
Sycamore, 
Scrub Pine, 
Hemlock Spruce, 
White Alder, 
European Alder, 
Tamarack, 

American Mountain Ash, 
European Mountain Ash, 
European Larch, i 

Japanese Catalpa, 
American White Elm, 
Balsam Fir, 
Teas' Hybrid Catalpa, 
Norway Spruce, 
Scotch Pine, 
Red Pine, 
Red Elm, 

Chinese Arbor Vitae, 
Corsican Pine, 
Camperdown Elm, 
Black Locust, 
Common Catalpa, 
Austrian Pine, 
Green Ash, 
Scarlet Maple, 
White Pine, 
Striped Maple, 
Ailanthus, 
Hardy Catalpa, 
Sweet Gum, 
Tulip Tree, 
Pear, 

Box Elder, 
European Basswcod, 
Silver Fir, 



Botanical Name. No. in a lb. 

Betula alba, 511,689 

Betula papyracea, 504,576 

Thuja occidentalism 305,289 

Betula lutea, 287,622 

Abies nigra, 209,088 

Abies alba, ^91iS^i 

Platanus occidentalis,, 160,704 

Bin us Banksiana, 141,237 

A bies Ca nadensis, 120,632 

Alnus incana, 118,678 

Alnus glutinosa, 115,218 

Larix Americana, 112,323 

Pyrus Americana, 108,327 

Sorbus aucuparia, 107,180 

Larix Buropcea, 97i53.S 

Catalpa Koempferi, 93i 2 1 5 

Ulmus Ainericana, 92,352 

Abies balsamea, 78,527 

74.627 

Abies excclsa, 74,112 

Finns Sylvestris, 7-.S7S 

Binus resinosa, 61,055 

Ulmus fulva, 54.359 

Thuja orientalis, 41.383 

Binus Laricio, 38.976 

Ulmus campestris, 36,864 

Bobinia pseudacacia, 28,992 

Catalpa bignonioides, 28,891 

Binus Austriaca, 26,464 

Fraxinus viridis, 22,656 

Acer rubra, 22,464 

Binus strobus, 21,440 

Acer Bennsylvanicmn, 20,480 

Ailanthus glandulosa, 20,161 

Catalpa speciosa, 19,776 

Liquidamber styraciflua, 18,721 

Liriodendron tulipifera, 1 8,047 

Byrus communis, 15.680 

Acer negundo, 14.784 

Tilia Europaa, 13.024 

Abies peciinata, 12,000 



FOREST LEA VES. 



41 



Common Name. 
•Osage Orange, 
European Hornbeam, 
American White Ash, 
Irish Juniper, 
Maritime Pine, 
Rock Elm, 
Red Cedar, 
Berberry, 
Sugar Maple, 
Norway Maple, 
English Hawthorn, 
Sycamore Maple, 
American Basswood, 
European Ash, 
Black Ash, 

European Basswood (large-leaved). 
Black Cherry, 
Sour Gum, 
Honey Locust, 
Silver-leaf Maple, 
American Beech, 
European Beech,. 
Italian Stone Pine, 
Pawpaw, 

Kentucky Coffee Tree, 
American Sweet Chestnut, 
Hickory (sheil-bark), 
American Horse Chestnut, 
European Horse Chestnut, 
Black Walnut, 
Butternut, 



Botanical Name. No. 


in a lb. 


Madura aurantiaca, 


10,656 


Carpinus betulus, 


10,1 12 


Fraxinus A mericana. 


9,858 


Juniperm loiiimuiiis. 


9.654 


Pimis maritimus. 


9,184 


Ulmus racemosa, 


«.352 


Juniperus Vir^^iniana, 


8,321 


Berberis Canadetisis, 


8,183 


Acer saccharinum. 


7.488 


Acer p/atanoides, 


7)231 


CratiTgus oxyacantha, 


6,400 


Acer pseudo platanus, 


6,386 


Tilia Americana, 


6,337 


Fraxi/iiis excelsior, 


5.824 


Fraxinus sambucifolia. 


5,629 


Tilia Europaa grandifolia, 


5.563 


Primus serotina. 


4.3^1 


JVjssa multiflora. 


3.238 


Gleditschia triacanthos. 


2,^96 


Acer dascycarpum, 


2,421 


Fagus ferruginea. 


1,05° 


Fagus sylvatica. 


1,038 


Pinus pinea. 


513 


Asimina triloba, 


417 


Gymnocladus Canadensis, 


177 


Castanea vesca, 


90 


Carya alba. 


78 


jFsculus glabra, 


36 


.Fsculus hippocastanum. 


26 


Juglans nigra. 


25 


Juglans cinerea. 


•5 



42 



FOREST LEA PES. 



ABOUT ADVERTISERS. 

As I am constantly in receipt of letters from tree-planters, inquiring 
where they can obtain farm implements, fruit trees, garden seeds, etc., and 
as information on these subjects is believed to be of general interest to the 
patrons of this book, it has been decided to admit the advertisements of a 
few of the most reliable and successful firms in the different lines indicated. 
The following is a list of those whose advertisements appear in this book. 
They are all old, well known and reliable firms, with untarnished reputations 
for honesty and fair dealing with their customers. In writing to any 
of these firms, you will confer a special favor by mentioning " Forest 
Leaves. " 



Name and Address of Adverliser. Stock Offered. 
Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., Nursery Stock. 
Millington, N. J., Acme Harrow. 
Waukegan, Ills., Windmills and Boats. 
Little Silver, N. J., Nursery Stock. 
Cincinnati, O., Hough's Elements of Forestry- 
Trenton, N. L. Saw-makers' Anvils. 



Nash & Brother, 
Powell & Douglas, 
John T. Lovett, 
Robert Clarke &: Co., 
Fisher & Norris, 



Peter Henderson & Co., New York, N. Y., Seeds. 



Cornish & Curtis, 
Wilson Bros., 
James Vick, 
Livingston & Co., 
G. & C. Merriam, 
Henry Sj, Iselin, 
A. P. Griffith, 



Fort Atkinson, Wis., Churn. 

, Easton, Penn., Bone Mills. 

Rochester, N. Y., Seeds. 

Pittsburgh, Penn., Farm Mills and Corn Shellers. 

Springfield, Mass., Webster's Dictionary. 

Sheldon, Iowa, Land. 

Smyrna, Del., Land. 



FOREST LEA lES. 



MIXING FOREST TREES. 

The following, by C. F. Clarkson, was read before the Iowa State Horti- 
cultural Society at its annual meeting in 1877, and was published in the 
Society's volume of transactions for that year : 

There are vital questions to be considered in planting groves. It is prob- 
able that the pioneers and advanced men in grove planting in our state have 
overlooked one important matter. In trees, grasses, vegetables and grains, 
nature inclines to variety, and they are all so constituted that, no matter how 
densely crowded, the different species seldom hybridize, whilst the different 
varieties of the same species frequently do. It has been found only in 
extreme cases that different species hybridize, but in no case do the different 
species of timbers, grains or vegetables. This is a provision in nature evi- 
dently for a greater purpose, that of a better growth of mixed forestry. 

Lately, some of the best farmers contend that a mixture of the various 
varieties of wheat produce a larger cjuantity and a better quality of grain 
per acre. But all hybrids, whether of the vegetable or animal kingdom, are 
sterile, nature thereby providing against further admixture or adulteration. 

In Europe, where tree planting is more of a science, and to which our 
National Horticultural Society proposes sending learned men to take lessons 
in tree planting, it is one of their rules not to confine a grove to any one 
species ; but the greater the mixture, the better the success. One species of 
tree obtains from the soil all the elements suitable for its growth, while it 
leaves or rejects that which is suitable for another species. The different 
writers upon the subject have not settled the exact reason why a heavier 
growth and longer life were guaranteed to trees when there is a general mix- 
ture of the species of forestry, yet experiment and observation have estab- 
lished the fact. 

Prof. Aughey, of Nebraska, a scientific man on forestry, strongly urges 
the vital importance of mixing groves. He says he "has observed many of 
the exclusively cottonwood groves decay, from various causes, when from 
four to twenty years of age." This, he claims, is only what would naturally 
be expected by a European forester. If they had been mingled with other 
trees, such as maples, walnuts, box-elders and lindens, it would probably 
have preserved tliem intact, besides makmg them intrinsically more valu- 
able. The vast forests of beech in Denmark are known by reputation the 
world over. Years ago they showed signs of rapid decay, and the authori- 
ties had other species of trees planted in all the open spaces, such as aspen, 
willow, oak, birch, maple and fir, and Naupel concedes that this probably 
saved the forests. 

And the forest of Fontainbleau, the Queen's most valuable timber lands, 
and the one of all her vast domains which shows the most vigor in growth, 
is a mixture of all the species suitable to that climate. Clave speaks of it in 
his report as follows : " Oaks mingled with beeches, in due proportion, may 
arrive at the age of five hundred to six hundred vears in full vigor, and attain 



44 - FOREST LEA VES. 

dimensions which I have never seen surpassed ; when, however, they are 
wholly unmixed with other trees, they begin to decay and die at the top, at 
the age of forty or fifty years, like men old before their time, weary of the 
world and longing to quit it. It was then proposed to introduce the pine 
and plant it in the vacancies and glades. By this means the forest was 
saved from the ruin which threatened it, and now more than ten thousand 
acres of pines, from fifteen to thirty years old, are disseminated at various 
points, intermixed with broad-leaved trees, and sometimes forming groves 
by themselves.'' 

Prof. Agassiz, after having visited all the best artificial groves of this 
■country, as well as the dense sylvas of Central and South America, was con- 
vinced that the mixture of such a great variety of species as he found in the 
•south, instead of exhausting the soil, added largely to its wealth of fertility. 
He found over one hundred species to the acre. And he was of the opinion 
that when nature's method was violated, it tended to dwarf and shorten the 
,age of the trees. 

And the Hon. John J. Thomas, a New York horticulturist of note, says 
in some of his official publications that "it is the opinion of some planters 
that a heavier growth may be obtained from a given extent of land by inter- 
mingling different kinds, each of which may draw different ingredients from 
the soil, or extend their roots into the earth at different depths." 

"The ash," says C. W. Johnson, "and more particularly the locust, are 
very obnoxious to most trees. Then, again, the grouping together of certain 
trees is particularly grateful to them all. Thus, the larch is a very good 
•neighbor; the Scotch fir, the birch and the Spanish chestnut grow very luxu- 
•riantly together; the oak, the elm, the hazel and the hornbeam are very 
;good neighbors." 

'n various places in the United States where inen of mind and scientific 
skill have directed in planting groves, for ornament or utility, they have 
invariably followed the teachings of nature, and intermixed very liberally the 
various species of parent growth. In laying out the grounds of the Illinois 
Industrial University, all the science and experience of the age was brought 
into requisition to start a grove on the college grounds. Twenty acres were 
set apart for an experimental forest tree plantation, in the grounds of the 
university, and planted with green ash, white ash, catalpa, chestnut, white 
elm, European larch, white maple, Osage orange, Austrian pine, Scotch pine, 
white walnut, white pine, Norway spruce and sugar maple. The writer has 
noticed particularly the effect of isolation on the Lombardy poplar {Populus 
dilitatii). It is a tree of rapid growth, and is peculiarly adapted to be used 
as shade trees along public and private highways. But when thus planted it 
soon begins to fail and die at the top, and soon becomes unsightly. But 
when it is mixed with other rapidly growing trees, which keep pace with it, 
its health and greenness are longer perpetuated. There is a slight disposi- 
tion among fruit growers to believe that if pine trees are mixed through an 
orchard it will have a beneficial influence in driving away the moth of many 
of the destructive insects which prey upon apples and apple trees. It is 
supposed to be the strong effluvia issuing from the turpentine of the pin?, 



FOREST LEA VES. 45 

And others contend that the pine (all its varieties) throws off in the grov'e 
constantly in cold weather a large amount of warmth or caloric, which has a 
favorable influence on surrounding trees during our boreal winters. In fact, 
it is contended by some scientific men that all live trees have this influence, 
besides the protection which they impart as wind-breaks. And, besides 
these benefits, some medical writers claim that the influence of the turpen- 
tine in pine groves is highly beneficial to the health of the human race, as 
well as to animals which dwell in well ventilated pine groves. 

Nearly all the groves in Iowa, unfortunately, have a wearisome same- 
ness. They are either all cottonwood, soft maple, or willow, with an occa- 
sional highly redeeming exception in cases of walnut, oak, ash, etc. It is 
sincerely to be hoped that more wisdom will be exercised in the future, and 
that the lessons of the Great Teacher will be heeded in having groves of the 
greatest possible number of acceptable varieties. These things are worthy 
of further demonstration by experiment, especially as it will cost nothing, 
but will add largely to the beauty and utility of our groves. 



46 • FOREST LEA I'ES. 



THE BLACK OK YELLOW LOCUST. 

The following from the A/nr/ii-a// Journal of Forestry, by John S. Hicks, 
of Roslyn, L- I., was read at the Cincinnati meeting of the American For- 
estry Congress : 

The Locust takes its common name from a resemblance to the ancient 
locust, mainly in the form of its leaf, "Robinia Pseudacacia,'' from its being 
introduced into France by either John Robin, gardener to Henry IV. of 
France, or his son Vespasian, about 1601. All evidence seems to point to 
Virginia as being the place of its most natural growth. 

There are locust trees on the lawn of Daniel Bogart, at Roslyn, L. 1., 
that were brought by Capt. Sands from Virginia over a hundred years ago. 
I think there are but two kinds of the locust generally known : the black 
or yellow locust and the white locust. 

The white locust, the bark of which is much smoother, has more sap 
wood, and the heart is of a silvery whiteness. It is of little value, either for 
strength or durability, and I think, as this variety is more easily grown from 
seed than tiie yellow, that it is often planted by mistake for that variety. 

The yellow locust varies much in different localities and soils, some 
being darker in color than others, and this fact has also, undoubtedly, given 
the name of "green locust" to a variety of this species. The yellow locust 
is the only one of value. Though it occasionally attains the hight of 90 
feet, yet, beyond 40 or 50 feet, the growth is very slow and unprofitable. It 
is better to cut them down at that hight and plant anew. 

The young trees have sharp and strong prickles; but these disappear 
largely after the tree has a growth of three or four inches in diameter, although 
the smaller branches always have some. The locust does very well on yel- 
low, sandy soils, and in yellow sand banks, with no alluvial soil covering 
the sand, it will often grow spontaneously, but in heavy clay soils it often 
proves a failure. The fact that it will grow profitably upon soil that will not 
produce pasture, or grow other trees of value, and that after the trees have 
grown a few years they induce, by their shade and rich falling leaves, a good 
growth of pasture, makes it, in many places, the most valuable tree that is 
grown for profit. It thus makes many unsightly spots beautiful, and heavy 
hill-sides profitable. The roots usually run near the surface of the ground, 
and extend to a great distance. 

It is now being largely used in reforesting the desolate regions of Aus- 
tria and Hungary — localities that have been made desolate by the destruction 
of their former forests. It thrives well in these countries, growing in thirty 
years to twelve inches in diameter. It grows well in portions of all the 
middle states, the southern parts of the northern states, and the northern 
portions of the southern states. 

In some localities attempts were made to introduce its growth ;' biU, after 
the appearance of the borers, they abandoned it, although it often survives 



FOREST LEA VES. 47 

them, and sometimes, when cut off after the borers had attacked it, the 
second growth thrived well. 

When dry, the wood weighs fifty-four pounds to the cubic foot, and when 
green it weighs sixty-two pounds, as shown by tests made at Brest, and in 
the Woolwich ship-yards it was found to be of about twice the strength of 
British oak. It is used largely in the making of tree-nails for fastening 
planks to wooden ships, and for top timbers and beams of vessels in exposed 
places. 

The most important use, however, is for fence posts and beams of cel- 
lars, or sills of exposed buildings. It has been known to last from forty to 
sixty yearS' as fence posts ; and the writer knows of posts, not over three 
inches in diameter, that have been in use for thirty years. Hough's Re- 
port on Forestry mentions instances of its lasting fifteen to twenty years 
as railroad ties, in conditions where the oak had lasted from five to ten years, 
and the chestnut from six to eight years. The timber is used very exten- 
sively by carriage builders, and in some instances in preference to hickory. 
The firm of Brewster & Co.. of Broome street, New York City, are using it, 
and paying higher prices than for hickory. 

The delicacy and lightness of its foliage distinguish this from all other 
trees in our cultivated woodlands, while the color of its leaves, so different 
from others, makes its presence known at a long distance. The rugged 
character of its rough bark, and its singularly light and graceful foliage, 
render it a tree of peculiar beauty. Its leaflets are arranged in opposite 
pairs, along the mid-stem, somewhat similar to the mountain ash. 

It is late in coming into leaf, and it sheds its foliage early in autumn; 
but in the perfection of its verdure no other tree rivals it. The foliage, as 
it decays, becomes very fertilizing to the soil, causing the grass beneath to be 
always green and luxuriant. 

Its white and fragrant flowers appear in May and June. Tradition says 
the American Indian made the gift of a branch of its flowers a declaration 
of love. The nightingale and other small birds resort to the protection of 
its thorny branches. 

On Long Island, near New York City, this tree proves to be the most 
valuable one that has been grown. When thirty years old they will make 
posts from ten to twelve feet in length and from three to five inches in diame- 
ter at the small end. Such posts are worth, in the city, at wholesale prices : 

When 8 feet long and 4 inches in diameter 48 cents. 

" 10 " " " 4* " " " - 77 " 

" 12 " " " 4f " " " 95 " 

Fencing posts 6t feet long, and 4 inches in diameter, are worth 28 cents 
each. The tree will often cut one post that is 10 feet long, one that is 8 feet, 
and one that is 6^ feet in length, making the total amount I2.48 per tree. 

In the most famed localities, and with five to ten years more of growth, the 
tree will make, say one piece 16 feet long and 36 inches in girth, one piece 12 
feet long, with 30 inches girth, and one piece 10 feet long, 25 inches in 



48 FOREST LEA VES. 

girth, making the tree worth from $5 to $7 on the basis of 60 cents per cubic 
foot; it has sold in the past as high as $1.50 per cubic foot. As to yalue in 
other localties, Dr. Warder states that he is cutting trees having a growth 
of 24 years, averaging 12 inches in diameter and 60 feel in hight, making 
eight to ten good fence posts seven feet in length, with from six to eight 
inches face at the top end, tlie trees standing 400 to the acre. 

Mr. Ezra Sherman, of Preston, Ohio, mentions the following results from 
locust seed planted in 1830: Three years after sowing, the trees were 
planted in a grove of 15 acres, and also in an avenue of 200 rods. In 1870^ 
two-thirds of these last were cut. They furnished 180 trees, 1500 posts,, 
worth 35 cents each, or $525. The fifteen acres will furnish fenci^ng for the 
farm of 1500 acres for all time. The pasture, with stakes and poles for 
fencing, furnished from time to time, will pay as good a rate of interest as 
the open land would. 

Mr. Waldo F. Brown, of O.vford, Ohio, states that the planting of locust 
trees is the best investment a young man can make. He advises that the seeds- 
should be planted in rows — transplanted into rows four feet apart when one 
year old — and when large enough for fence stakes and bean poles, three-fourths- 
of them should be cut out, leaving them, when five to seven years old, at the 
distance of eight feet apart. As soon as the trees are out of the way of 
cattle, blue grass should be sown, as this does not injure the trees, and grows- 
well, the pasture paying interest on the investment after five years. 

As the trees send up suckers as well as sprouts from the stumps and 
roots, the growth is always increasing, and is thicker after each cutting. 

In France it is much grown for vine supports, and is sometimes cut every 
four years, the leaves being used for forage. 

In 1826, premiums were offered by the Massachusetts Society for Promo- 
tion of Agriculture for the promotion of its growth and the extirpation of 
the borer. 

The New England Fanner states the growth to be 300 to 600 posts to 
the acre, worth 50 cents each, besides the growth of pasture, and that the 
government was paying 75 cents per cubic foot at that time. 

The New York Culthiator says 12 10 trees will grow to the acre; that 
trees grown 28 years produce two to four posts each, and that trees grown- 
from suckers, or shoots, are not as much inclined to seed, nor do the borer.s- 
affect them as severely. 

Mr. Allen Furnas, of Dj-nville, Indiana, states that he has grown the black, 
locust over twenty years, and that he has had very little trouble with the 
borers; that it grows thriftily, making good fence posts in ten or twelve years,, 
and from three to six posts in eighteen to twenty years. It grows 1000 to the 
acre, and at eighteen years the trees are worth 75 cents each. The timber 
will last an average of 35 years, and it grows well on poor soil. 

In the years of 1828 to 1838, Joseph Hicks planted, at Westbay, Long 
Island, on each side of the highway leading through his farm, for about a 
quarter of a mile, locust trees about eight to ten feet apart. The trees were 
gathered from different parts of the farm, where they had grown up from, 



Plate VI. 




1. -SYCAMORE MAPLE. 



4. — HARDY CATALPA. 



FOREST LEAVES. 49 

the roots of other trees, and, being thus grown, they were planted with but 
little expense. When first planted the tops were cut off, and it was found 
that they grew much better from this treatment. After thirty years of growth, 
and at least fifteen years of the most beautiful shade in the heat of summer, 
and an abundant growth of grass beneath, they were sold for $500 as they 
stood, and now three trees are growing in the place of one, and as thriftily 
as the first crop. 

It is thus seen that this tree will grow in most of our middle and western 
states, and in many sections where it is not now known. In some places, 
where it has once been condemned, the second trial will prove its value, as 
the borers trouble it in some seasons and not in others. It is worth a tho- 
rough trial anywhere. Being among the most valuable of our timber trees 
for durability, growing on poor soil where no other tree will thrive, nourish- 
ing an abundant growth of grass, and finally, when cut, sending up twice or 
thrice the number of young trees, what tree can be of more value than this 
for forest culture .' 



50 • FOREST LEA VES. 



A TIMBER FAMINE 

Within Seven Years of the End ok our White Pine and Struce. 

[From the Chicago Inter Ocean.] 

Attention has frequently been called to the fact that, at the rate at which 
the destruction of forests is going on in the United States, we are within 
seven years of the end of our white pine and spruce. Our northern mills 
would saw up every standing pine in Georgia or Alabama in twelve months, 
and would require but six months more for those of Florida, or either of the 
Carolinas. Such are the conclusions of experts officially representing the 
United States government in the matter of forestry, upon data furnished by 
the most careful measurements of the forests now standing. Three hundred 
million dollars' worth a year are being cut in the northern States of a crop 
which nobody is planting, and which private individuals, looking to imme- 
diate returns for the support of their families, cannot afford to plant. No- 
thing but life insurance companies could afford to plant trees and wait thirty 
years for a crop. They might, perhaps, afford to enter into this business in 
order to even up the advantage they sustain over other kinds of business, 
from the fact that their bills receivable mature at an average thirty years 
earlier than their bills payable on the same transaction. But even with life 
insurance companies the motive would have to be philanthropic. 

Dr. Franklin E. Hough, chief of forestry in the department at Washing- 
ton, estimates that in 1870 our entire area of woodlands of every kind was 
380,000,000 acres ; that we were stripping off the wood from 10,000,000 acres 
annually, and were planting less than 10,000 acres. If his data were correct, 
the area of wood has since been reduced by 125,000,000 acres, and stands 
now at 255,000,000 acres, or enough to last 25 years longer. 

The lumbermen have satisfactorily shown that no remedy whatever is to 
be found in checking the cutting off of the lumber, even if there were power 
in any government or set of men to do so. They show that, owing to the 
frequency of forest fires, lumber that is not cut is sure to be swept over by 
fire every few years, and when once burned over it must be cut within the 
following year, or the worms destroy it. The only way to save the lumber 
actually in existence, therefore, and exposed to certain fires, is to cut it. 
Every township and nearly every square mile in Michigan and Wisconsin 
containing lumber uncut also has its settler, and wherever there are settlers 
there are fires. 

Canada has no supply whatever greater for her own use than ours is in 
proportion to our demand. The forests of Canada will inevitably reach 
their period of exhaustion at about the same time as ours. She already 
imports from us the black walnut, which she needs for her own use or for 
export, and of which she formerly had considerable supplies. 

What, then, is to be done.' For the crisis produced in 1861-4 by the 
failure of the cotton supply was not worthy to be called even a hintvof the 
crisis of disasters that would result from a failure in the lumber supply. 



FOREST LEA VES. ,5 1 

Three courses, the first two of which present merely possible palliatives, 
are really our only alternatives: 

1. Ten years from now there must be a forced, sudden and total sub- 
stitution of brick, stone and iron for building purposes, in lieu of wood. 

2. Wood pulp manufactured from worthless woods and straw must 
become a substitute for timber, or, as the phrase goes, we must build our 
houses of paper. Or, 

3. The government of the United States must take efficient peremp- 
tory measures, either of coercion or inducement, which will insure the plant- 
ing and relegation to forest trees, but especially to the white pine, of at least 
10,000,000 acres per year, equivalent to the quantity we are now denuding. 

Of these three alternatives, the first is inadequate. We can substitute 
brick, tile and slate for the clap-boarding and roofs, but it will be very for- 
eign to our tastes and habits to substitute either for floors. Even then vast 
supplies of wood are needed for implements, doors, wainscoting and furni- 
ture, and the prospect is that wood will become very much dearer than iron. 

The second alternative would be most nearly compensatory, provided 
the continued cheapening in the processes by which wood and straw pulp 
have been applied to the manufacture of so many things shall be supple- 
mented by such means of metalizing or hardening it as shall enable it per- 
manently to endure the weather. This, however, is one of the contingencies 
of a partially developed invention. The third alternative is nearly the most 
hopeless of all. The government and people of the United States, though 
nominally omnipotent, are so lethargic of action that long before the years 
of agitation required to get such a project adopted have been spent in organ- 
izing the popular convulsion in behalf of tree-planting, without which Con- 
gress would do nothing, the great timber famine will be upon us in full force. 
Even were Congress ready to pass any required law that the most scientific 
forestry commission could frame, still the subject would be one of the most 
difficult, though by far the most useful, with which that body has ever 
attempted to grapple. 



52 .r FOREST LEA VES, 



FORESTRY IN MICHIGAN— OUTLOOK AND 
SUGGESTIONS. 

By Professor \'. M. Spaldixg, Ann Arbor, Mich, 

[From the American Journal of Forestry.] 

It is not necessary to go into an argument to show that Michigan ought 
to be interested in forestry. Every one knows what an element the forests 
have been in our prosperity. According to a late report of the Commis- 
sioner of Immigration, "the aggregate value of the forest products of this 
state, already marketed, is largely in excess of $800,000,000, and the timber 
product of a single year, 1879, amounted to $60,000,000, or about thirty-five 
per cent, of the total value of the natural products of the state for that year. 
Michigan produces more salt than any other state in the Union, and the 
brine is evaporated by means of refuse from the great saw-mills in the vicin- 
ity of Saginaw and other lumbering towns. Ours is the second state in the 
production of iron, and the blast furnaces of Ironton, Elk Rapids, and a 
number of other places, are drawing their supply of charcoal for its reduc- 
tion from the great hard wood forests in their vicinity. The products of 
these forests are sent to the ends of the earth. Much of the finest lumber 
of the Atlantic cities and of the Old World comes from Michigan pineries. 
Threshing machines made in Battle Creek are sold in South .America and 
Australia, and farming implements, furniture, and a long list of articles 
requiring wood in their manufacture, are made in the state and exported 
from it, their manufacture a source of support to fifty thousand of our people, 
and their sale a steady source of wealth to the state. 

Nor is it necessary to repeat the well known fact that our forests are 
rapidly disappearing. The bulletins of the last census, accessible to every 
one, show that the estimated amount of merchantable pine timber standing 
in Michigan, May 31, 1880, was thirty-five billions of feet. At our present 
rate of consumption — five billions of feet annually — it will take seven years 
to use up our pine forests. 

Suppose, however, that the estimates of the amount remaining, although 
made with great care, are too low; suppose, for safety, that the pine will last 
twice as long as has been estimated; the fact still thrusts itself upon us that 
in a few years this great source of our wealth will be gone. 

What are we doing in view of these facts ? We are going on with aston- 
ishing energy and improved machinery to hasten the end. Every man who 
can do so is trying to get a piece of pine land or a quantity of logs before 
they are gone, and our own people, in company with eastern capitalists, are 
planning the speedy destruction of the hard wood forests as soon as the pine 
lands have been stripped. The newspaper articles that charge these things 
upon us are not sensational. They do not tell all the truth. We have 
squandered with reckless haste the abundant forest-wealth with which the 
state was endowed, and, besides all this, time and again forest fires, that 



FOREST LEA] ES. 5 3 

might have been prevented, have swept over fair portions of the common- 
wealth, carrying; swift destruction with them, and completing the work that 
the ax had begun. 

In the study of this subject, then, we may as well turn our attention at 
X)nce to the forests of the future, for it is evident that those of the present 
will be gone in a few years. Our own legitimate wants and the great profits 
of the lumber trade have already settled the question for Michigan. If we 
want forests we must make them. Without repeating the arguments that 
have been given so fully by others, I shall assume, what is admitted by every 
one who has ever bestowed serious thought upon the subject, that the highest 
welfare of the state rei|uires the establishment and continued mainte- 
nance of a suitable proportion of woodland. It may be assumed, too, that 
in due time both government and people, moved by necessity, if by no higher 
influence, will unite in a settled purpose to secure this. As soon as this 
attitude is taken by the people of the state, and we are ready to enter upon 
the work of reforesting, we shall find ourselves face to face with various diffi- 
cult practical problems. Some of us, perhaps, may render a service by 
studying these problems now, viz.: 

First, ^^'hat parts of the state, and what proportion of its area, should 
be covered with forests "' Economists estimate about twenty-five per cent, 
as a suitable proportion, but this varies with the position, physical character, 
and commercial interests of the state or country under consideration. The 
State of Michigan contains large areas that are worthless for any other pur- 
pose than raising timber, and still more extended regions that, if not abso- 
lutely valueless for agricultural purposes, can be used to far better advantage 
in growing trees than in raising any other crop whatever. Undoubtedly the 
great question with us is, how, in the most direct, practical way, can we 
rehabilitate the e.xtensive regions in the central and northern parts of the 
Lower Peninsula, that have been stripped of their pine forests, and the 
remaining portions of this region that will so soon be bare? Any one who 
has been through this part of the state will remember its desolate and ruined 
aspect. "The valuable trees were all felled years ago, and the lumberman 
moved on to fresh spoils, leaving behind him an inextricable, confused mass 
jof tree tops, broken logs, and uprooted trunks. Blackberry canes spring up 
everywhere, forming a tangled thicket, and a few scattering poplars, birches, 
and cherries serve for arboreal life, above which tower the dead pines, 
bleached in the weather and blackened by fire, destitute of limbs, and look- 
ing at a distance not unlike the masts of some great harbor. Thousands of 
such acres, repellant alike to botanist and settler, can be seen in any of our 
northern countries." 

While there is good soil to be found in this region, much of it is light 
and sandy, altogether unfit for farming purposes, but it has raised one of the 
finest forests that ever clothed the surface of the earth, and if it can again 
t)e covered with such a forest, it will become in the future, as it has already 
been, a source of almost unlimited wealt]i. 

Another portion of the state will soon force itself upon our attention, 
unless it is cared for. All along the eastern coast of Lake Michigan, sand 
dunes extend, precisely similar in their nature, though of less extent than 



54 FOREST LEA VES. 

those of the Old World. While these dunes are covered with vegetation 
they keep, for the most part, within their limits, but indications of what they 
may do, when free from such control, may be seen any day at Grand Haven, 
Michigan City, and other places along the shore, where piles of light, drift- 
ing sand are covering railroad tracks and fences, and even trees, and in some 
localities are encroaching upon cultivated fields, to the dismay of their pro- 
prietors. The experience of Western Europe is conclusive upon this point, 
and it is the manifest duty of the state and of the people to absolutely pro- 
hibit and prevent the clearing away of trees, or even excessive pasturage of 
such lands, and to encourage, by every suitable means, their reforesting. 
The farming lands in the southern portion of the Lower Peninsula all need 
■ a fair proportion of woodland for fuel and shelter, and the great majority of 
these farms would be rendered much more valuable in a few years by judi- 
cious planting of trees; and the Northern Peninsula, though still heavily 
wooded over large areas, already has extensive regions that have been strip- 
ped of their forests, and that can be turned to better account for this than 
for any other purpose. We may safely conclude, therefore, that the State of 
Michigan requires fully as great, and probably a greater, proportion of its 
area to be kept in woodland than has been estimated as necessary for other 
countries; in other words, more than twenty-five per cent, in this state^ 
rather than less, may properly be covered with timber. 

Second. What kinds of trees shall we plant.'' To answer this question 
we must know something about the different species of trees, the soil and 
climate to which they are adapted, or to which they can be induced to adapt 
themselves; what kinds will endure unfavorable conditions best; what trees 
will grow rapidly, and what sorts are most valuable for timber or other pro- 
ducts. 

Without attempting to decide all of these questions in detail, many of 
them requiring not only careful study, but long experiment, for which, as yet,, 
the state makes no adequate provision, there is one very important question 
suggested at the outset, and that must be met, whether it can be settled at 
once or not. The question is, how much significance should be attached to- 
the principle of rotation ? It has been commonly noticed that forests of oak- 
succeeded those of pine, and vice versa. Oak and hemlock forests have been, 
succeeded by those of beech and maple. When the pine woods in the- 
northern part of Michigan and Wisconsin are cut off, poplars, birches and' 
the wild red cherry spring up, and so, as in many cases this succession seems, 
to be pretty uniform and constant, there has grown up a half-popular, half- 
scientific notion that it must be so, and that, if we are to succeed in reforest- 
ing our denuded pine lands, we must follow the order of nature. We have- 
no right, however, to follow nature blindly, and sometimes we can take a 
short cut while nature is going round a corner. No one has ever formulated 
an order that governs the succession of forest trees, nor has it ever been 
shown that there is any such unvarying order or succession. On the con- 
trary, it is one of the most variable things with which we are acquainted, and 
therfe is every reason for believing that it depends more upon what the 
ground is seeded with, than anything else. The reason why birches, poplars 
and wild red cherry trees sprirfg up on our wasted pine lands is, that the.- 



FOREST LEA VES. 



55 



seeds of these species are carried there by the wind and by the birds, and 
there is no doubt whatever that other and better trees may, with suitable 
pains, be made to take their place. When we plant trees about our houses 
or along the highway, if it happens to be new land, we do not stop to make 
a critical inquiry into the laws governing the succession of forest trees ; we 
find out what trees are hardy, and, having settled this point, set out whatever 
kinds we fancy, with the expectation of having them do well if they are cared 
for. Shall we, then, plant the white pine in Michigan ? The answer may be 
given witliout hesitation — yes, plant it first, and last, and all the time. Give 
it a fair chance, and it will cover the state again. It may be wisdom to sub- 
stitute some other species on those tracts that have just been covered with 
pine, but it is, to say the least, doubtful whether any such distinction need 
be made. |f the white pine were planted in Michigan universally, and 
everywiiere where the land could be spared, it would find congenial soil 
enough, even in those countries that have produced the most of it. 

Without discussing the value of other well known species, a few may be 
mentioned as specially worthy of planting in Michigan. The European 
larch, famous for the durability of its timber, and perfectly adapted to our 
northern climate; the Ailanthus, the only tree that has successfully con- 
trolled the drifting sand plains of Southern Russia, and will, perhaps, be 
more valuable than any other on our sand dunes. The Catalpa speciosa, of 
which specimens a foot and a half in diameter may be seen in Ann Arbor, and 
which probably may be depended upon for hardiness throughout the south- 
ern portion of the Lower Peninsula ; the white ash, and a long list of other 
indigenous trees, any of which may be planted with every reason to expect a 
good return. The consideration of the large number of species, both indig- 
enous and introduced, that may be successfully cultivated in Michigan, is of 
great importance, but requires too much space for this article, and will have 
to be taken up in a separate paper. 

Third. Admitting that it is desirable that the planting of trees in Michi- 
gan should be undertaken at once and in earnest, what are the means of 
securing this and of insuring the best results.' 

I. The legislature of the state may promote the work by offering encour- 
agement to tree planting, in the way of exem])tion of property from taxation. 
As to the form of legislation and its practical details, a careful study of the 
action of other states will furnish valuable suggestions. Of all state laws on 
the subject of tree-planting that have come to my notice, that of Iowa has 
seemed pre-eminently adapted to the purpose. The law provides that " for 
every acre of forest trees planted and cultivated for timber within the state, 
the trees thereon not being more than twelve feet apart and kept in a healthy 
condition, the sum of one hundred dollars shall be exempted from taxation 
. . . for ten years after each acre is so planted: Provided," etc. Possibly, 
other forms of legislative action on the subject may be found better, but that 
of Iowa has this very excellent feature, that it has very largely accomplished 
the object aimed at. We can profitably follow the example of Iowa, too, in 
securing the preparation and distribution of something corresponding to their 
"Forestry Manual," an unpretentious pamphlet of about thirty pages, filled 



56 FOREST LEA VES. 

with valuable information and practical hints on the subject of tree-planting, 
and distributed gratuitously among the farmers of the slate. 

2. The state ought also to be establishing facts upon which to base the 
future management of the great work of reforesting its waste lands. Two 
or three experimental stations, located in as many parts of the state, where 
trees of all sorts, both native and foreign, can be cultivated, and the results 
recorded, would enable us in a few years to demonstrate the usefulness of 
some kinds, and the unfitness of others for general cultivation. Meteoro- 
logical observations carried on at these stations would give data for the solu- 
tion of the difficult but important questions relating to the climatic effects 
of forests. 

3. Very much depends upon the railroad companies. Owning, as they 
do in the state of Michigan, lines aggregating over four thousand miles in 
length, with large grants of valuable land, they control, in a very great mea- 
sure the agricultural and commercial interests of large areas of the state. 
The Detroit, Mackinac and Mar(|uette Railroad alone owns over one million 
three hundred thousand acres of land, and the Flint and Pere Marquette, 
the Grand Rapids and Indiana, and other roads, are possessed of large tracts 
of both farming and timber lands. An abundant supply of wood for ties 
and manufacturing purposes is a prime necessity of all these lines, and may 
be secured by the prompt adoption of a liberal and enlightened policy in 
maintaining or restoring a suitable amount of forest on their lands. A number 
of western railroads, though obliged to contend with great natural disadvan- 
tages, have taken hold of this work with great enthusiasm, and several of 
them are now employing paid foresters to direct the work of raising and 
caring for forests aleng their lines. 

4. The farmers of the state have very much to do with the future of our 
forests, and, unfortunately, they have not yet, as a rule, taken a practical inter- 
est in maintaining or restoring them. There is, however, no class more 
ready to enter into undertakings that promise to be productive of good, and 
none more accustomed to overcome difficulties. When the farmers of Michi- 
gan are once possessed of the conviction that trees are often far more valu- 
able than any other crop, and that they render the farm more productive and 
worth more per acre, trees will be planted. 

5. A few, at least, of the educational institutions of the state can do an 
important work by giving forestry an honorable place among the subjects of 
their respective courses of study. Whether there is as yet a science of for- 
estry in the United States or not, there will be before long, and intelligent and 
interested action on the part of such institutions will aid greatly in estab- 
lishing the science, and in gaining for it the confidence and encouragement of 
both government and people. A beginning of this kind has been made at 
the University of Michigan, in connection with the school of political sci- 
ence recently established there, and the lectures on forestry are attended by 
a class of about fifty. 



FOREST LEAVES. 57 

6. The general government still owns something over a million acres of 
land in Michigan, and the state government has yet large tracts of land under 
its control. If, instead of throwing this away or selling it at the rate of a dollar 
and a quarter per acre, any considerable portion might by any means still be 
kept in permanent forests, under the control of the state government, and 
this control be exercised wisely and for the public good, as is done in the 
state forests in the .Old World, forestry in Michigan would become an estab- 
lished fact. 



58 . FOREST LEA VES. 



THE MICHIGAN LAW FOK TREE-PLANTING BY 

ROADSIDES. 

"chapter X. SHADE TREES AND WATERING TROUGHS IN HIGHWAYS. 

"Section i. Shade trees shall be planted along both sides of the public 
highways, at the uniform distance, as near as may be, of sixty feet apart, and 
not less than twenty-three nor more than tweny-five feet from the center line 
of the highway; but the township board of any township may direct as to 
the distance which trees may be set from each other or from the outer line 
of the highway. All trees now growing upon the sides of any highway, and 
all trees that maybe hereafter planted thereon, standing more than sixty feet 
apart, shall be preserved, and shall not be injured or removed, unless by 
direction of the commissioner of highways, and with the consent of the 
owner of the adjoining land, unless such trees shall interfere with or obstruct 
the travel on the highway : Provided, That the provisions of this chapter, 
in whole or in part, shall not be deemed mandatory in townships in which 
the electors may by vote at a township meeting thus determine. 

"Sec. 2. Any person, planting shade trees along the highway adjacent to 
property owned or occupied by such person, shall be entitled to be credited 
twenty-five cents upon his highway-tax for every tree so planted, but not to 
exceed in the aggregate twenty-five per cent, of such person's highway tax in 
any one year. 

" Sec. 3. In road-districts, where there are not trees planted and growing 
along the highways to the extent required by the first section of this chapter, 
the commissioner shall require that at least fifty trees per year be so planted 
in each district, and shall require the same from year to year, until every 
highway in his township, where the adjoining lands are cleared, is supplied 
with shade trees as contemplated by said first section, but not more than 
twenty-five per cent, of the highway tax shall be appropriated for such pur- 
pose in any one district in any one year. The overseer, acting under the 
direction of the commissioner, may require twenty-five per cent, of the high- 
way tax of any person in any year to be paid in money, the same to be 
applied in planting shade-trees along the highway adjoining the property of 
such person. The overseer shall particularly attend to the planting of such 
trees, and shall allow no unsuitable tree, nor any tree wanting sufficient roots 
or vitality tb be planted, and he shall have the charge of and care for the 
same in the best manner for their growth. 

" Sec. 4. Any commissioner may cause to be constructed suitable water- 
ing-troughs, basins, or fountains by the roadside for the refreshment of per- 
sons and animals passing upon the highway, not to exceed one, on some one 
of the more important roads in each road-district, and may contract therefor 
with some suitable person in each such district, and may credit on the high- 
way tax of such person a sum not exceeding ten dollars in full consideration 
for the erection of such watering-troughs, basin or fountain, and supplying 
the same with water for the first year, and five dollars annually thereafter 
for keeping in repair and supplying the same with water." 



FOflEST LEA VES. 59 



"THE 3IILLS OF WEST FORK," 

From a paper communicated at the Montreal Meeting of the American 
Forestry Congress by Mr. J. Jenkins, of Winona, Columbiana county, Ohio. 
After locating the " West Fork " as a tributary of the Beaver river, a branch 
of the Ohio, he thus describes its present appearance : 

" Looking down the valley, you may trace a stream winding like a silver 
thread through the green meadows, with here and there an unused mill, its 
great wheel standing motionless, that used to turn in the laughing foam and 
spray in the once abundant flow of the waters of West Fork. Turning to 
the northward, where the diminished stream comes tumbling down between 
the abrupt hills, denuded and bare now, a visitor of twenty years back would 
scarcely recognize this as the same stream or the same valley that he then 
knew and loved. From the retired forest dells in that decade the feeding 
rills from many a bubbling spring joined West Fork and poured their treasures 
of moisture into its receptive bosom. 

" Now, since the trees have been cut off, many of these sources of supply 
have dried up. The trickling flow from others is evaporated before reach- 
ing the foot-hills, and this paltry stream alone is left instead of the broad 
acres of water in successive mill-dams that used to sleep, catching the sun- 
shine and shadow between the wooded hills. 

" Let us now consider what has been gained and what lost by the whole- 
sale destruction of the woods at the sources of West Fork. 

" We have gained to agriculture, for pasturage and for cultivation, a large 
area of fertile land in the emptied basins of the old reservoirs and mill-dams. 
We have gained pastures and farming lands on the hills. We have gained 
in the aggregate productions of the region and in population by extending 
the cleared land. 

"On the other hand, we have subjected ourselves to cloud-bursts on> 
the naked hills, which once drank in the descending floods in the porous- 
woodland soil, but now the solid compact hill-sides throw off the floods into 
the valley at times an irresistible torrent, carrying destruction and death in 
its course. We have lost in the destruction of untold millions of feet of 
lumber, sold at prices low compared with present rates, with vast amounts 
of wood recklessly destroyed ; and when we consider also the fact that as a 
result of our interference with the restorative operations of nature, we have 
stamped out all prospect of the renewal of the forest growths by close pastur- 
ing and continuous plowing, it is indeed a question whether we have not lost 
instead of having gained by the change. 

" Not that we would regain all the lands in woods again, were it in our 
power; but by judicious replanting of the waste lands where the woods have 
been destroyed, the steep and rocky hillsides and ravines that possess but 
little value for agriculture, we might establish the happy equilibrium, pre- 



■6o • FOREST LEAVES. 

serve and restore the springs and feeding rills of West Fork, and prevent a 
furllier diminution of the stream. 

"Are there not in our hill countries many 'West Forks,' where a judi- 
cious area and proportion of timber-planting and preservation by shading 
the springs and vtrater-courses of the little rills that act as feeders, would 
enable us to utilize and render profitable lands of little value for cultivation ? 
Keep up the proper balance of woodland and tillage which preserves in a 
measure greater uniformity of climate, humidity, and rainfall, while all the 
time, and for all time, the land so appropriated and occupied will be yield- 
ing a rapidly increasing capital, and a paying investment in the production 
of timber 

" Looking again down the valley, the evening shadows are clustering 
over the mills of West Fork. 

"Those ruins of a past decade are standing like sentinels in the twilight. 

" The lowing cattle are winding their way in long lines from the old 
basins to the spacious barns. The diminished stream gurgles on, all 
unmindful of its former glory that passed away with the forest. 

" We welcome the new decade and the conditions of advancing civiliza- 
tion, yet fear lest a further destruction of the woods around the sources of 
West Fork, and continued neglect of their reproduction, may ere long dry 
up the stream, and the fertile valley become parched and desolate." 



ADVER TJSEMENTS. 



6r 



SPRING PLANTING . m. nt'i'/.nn'Vmn^^^^^^^ 

of till- lust fV.i' and 2sew Fruit and Uniaraental 
Titos, slirults. K.isi'S. Pa?onies, Hedtre Plants, &c. 



Catal<>y;ur mnilt'd free. 



ELLWANGER & BftRRY/'-'^'^""'^^" 



Eocliestsr, H.Y. 



HowWeTestSeeds. 

l'rMt..i),lv ir,.iii llie f.ift tliai mir l.,,,^ cvporitriCL- as 
I'r.icln al iinrilL-inrrs. made lis reali;:c tlie iicte^sity more 
slniiif^ly ill. in uiosl sccti cie.ilers, we very evirly in our 
c.^rocr as seedsmen liiautjiirateil the practice nf i.;5ting 
.ill sc -ds before selliiiy. Hr.tui tlie small testb begun in 
iSi^s. this prai-lite lias extended and betunie so sys- 
tematized that the past season it required tlie entire use 
I'f one of our largest greenhouses for our seetl tests dur- 
injithe fall and winter, and afterwards in sprinij in the 
open griiiMul we had set out many thousand pl.mts. rep- 
resenting the stock in vegetable seedi; alone of over 900 
groovers. All these tests are carried o-i under the per- 
gonal supervision of I'MTER HENDERSON, and as the 
author of **(iiitt*dcniii|c for Profit** lias had as long and 
as varied an e^i'erience as most men in oj)et."itions con- 
nected with the soil, it will he seen that we are placed in 
a positi(,n to judge, not only as to the germinating prop- 
erties, hut what IS of far more importance, the purity of 
aiid the kinds of seeds best suit'd for all gardening 
purposes. If therefore you can buy seeds as cheaply 
from us, and wc think if'^you will compare prices you 
will find that you can — it will certainly be to your inter- 
est to do sf. Our Cntaloetii' for 188^ of Everythliiff 
for the Gnrdeii i-^ now ready, and will be mailed free 
on uppliLalinn. 

PETER HENDERSON &, CO.. 

5 & 37 Cortlandt St., New York. 



UNABRIDGED. 

InSheap, Russia and Turkey Bindings. 

Latest Edition has 118,OOOWords, 

and 3000 Bngravings, 
{being 3000 more words and nearly tlu'ee times 
tlie number of Engravings in any other Ameri- 
can Dictionary.) It also ct'iitains a 
Biographical Dictionary, i-ivin^ brief 
important facts concerning 9700 Noted Persons. 




On page 1164 see the above picture of SHIP 

and names of the 35 SAILS,— showing tlie 

value of Webster's numerous 

Illnst rated Defini tions. 

It is the T>est practical Knglisli Dictionary 

extant. — Lon'inn (^iiartrrii/ Ii< rirtr. 
It is an ever-present and reliable scliool 
master to the -whole family. — S. S. HcraUi. 
G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., Pub'rs, Springfield, 5Ias.s. 



FOREST L[ftV[S, 



This Second Edition of Forest. 



Leaves, issued in February, 1884. 



consists of ten thousand copies, which 
will be sold for 50 cents each, and 



sent postpaid on receipt of price. 

W.W.JOHNSON 



the author and publisher, is a seedling 



nurseryman of many years' experience. 



He has no secrets to sell and does not 



hesitate to tell what he knows about 



trees in a plain and practical way. 



The next edition will be published 



as soon as possible after this one is 



sold out, and will contain much ad- 



ditional information on the subject of 



forestry, and a liberal number of en- 



tirely new colored plates prepared ex 



pressly for that edition. 



ADVERTISERS 



wishing to secure space in the next 
edition will be furnished with partic- 



ulars as to terms, etc., on application. 
No patent medicines or other hum- 



bugs need apply. 



W. W. JOHNSON, 



Snowflake, Antrim Co., Mich. 



62 



A D I -ER TISEMENTS. 



ACME" PULVERIZING HARROW, 

CLOD CRUSHER & LEVELER. 

AI,L AGKEK THAT 

*' The judicioii.s use of an iiiipleiiient like the 'ACME' Piilverizinjj 

Harrow, Clod Criislier and Ijeveler, in the preparation of the 

Soil, before sowinj;- Winter grain, will increase the 

yield from 5 to lO Dollars i>er acre." 

AGEJ\'-TS WJ..YTED I.\ UXOCCUPIED TERRITORY. 




'.ft^Q^^^ei-S^^-^iciis^ . 



The "ACME" subjects tlie soil to tlie action of a Cruslier ami Leveler, and to the Cut- 
ting, Lifting^, Turning process of double vows of STEEL, COULTERS, the peculiar shape and 
arraiif^emeut of which give immense cutting power. Thus the three operations of crushing 
lumps, leveling off the ground ami thoroughly pulverizing the soil are performed at one and 
the same time. The entire absence of Spikes or Spring Teeth avoids pulling up rubbish. It 
is especially adapted t<> invi . ted s(k1 and hard clay, where other harrows utterly fail ; works per- 
fectly on light soil and is the only harrow or cultivator that cuts over the entire surface of the 
;;round. 

Highly commended by scientific and practical farmers, many of whom pronounce it to be the 
most valuable recent improvement in farm machinery, while 

All agree that "The judicious use of an implement like the 'ACME ' Pulverizing Harrow, Clod 
Crusher and Leveler, in the preparation and thorough pulverization of the soil, before planting, 
will increase the yield from Five to Ten Dollars per acre." 

I^ -A- I I^ 1= Xj .A. -2". 

If your dealer does not keep the "ACME" lor sale, don't let him palm off an inferior tool on 
you by assuring you that he has something better, but SATISFY YOURSELF by ordering one 
ON TRIAL. We will send it on trial, and if it does not suit, you may send it back, we paying return 
freight charges- We don't ask for money or note until after you have tried it on your own farm. 



Send for Pamphlet containing Hundreds of Testimonials from 44 Different 

States and Territories. 



If^SM 



^mQ)TMMM 



^f 



Manufactory and Principal Office, 
Branch Office, llARRISBt'RG, PA. 

N. B. — Pamphlet entitled " Tillage is Manure '' will also be sent to parties who name this paper. 



A DVER TISEMENTS. 



63 





FARM GRIST MILLS AND SHELLERS. 

OVER 30,000 NOW IN USE. 

Every macliine fully warranted to suit, 
or money refunded. 

PnceofMills,$2flto$4DiShellef8,$5, 

Do not buy a Mill or Sheller until you have 

seen our terms and Illustrated Circular. 

Address, with stamp, 

LIVIITGSTOIT L CO., Iron Founde rs, PITTSB U RGH, PA. 
-^|c HOUGH'S FORESTRYJjH- 

The elements of Forestry, de^igued to afford infurmatioii ciniceming 

THE PLANTING AND CARE OF FOREST TREES, 

For iirnament or i)r(>lit, :nid i^ivini; sujfi;esti«ins uihiii 

TlIK CUEATIOX AIS^D CARE OF WOODLAXD8, 

Willi tlie view of Seuuriu?; the greatest benefit f(»r the hineresl time. PartieuUirly adapted to the 
wants and conditions nf tin- United States. 

S^r ^ le -A. OSr 3C Xj I iT S_ HOTTG-H, 

Chief of FoRE.-iTRV Division U. 8. Depahtment of Agriculture. 

Finely Illustrated. Price, $'3.00, Will be sent by mail, prepaid, on receipt of price. 

IIOBERT CLARKE X' CO., Publishers, Cincinnati, O. 



Eagle \M Wofl^^, 

TRENTON, - NEW JEliSEY. 

Kstablislied 1S43. 

onlv makers in the U. 8. (if 

SAW MAKERS' ANVILS. 

Tlie foliowinj; are onr Standard Sizes, viz: 





FACE. 






■WEIGHT. 


LENGTH. 


WIDTH. 


HEIGHT. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


50 


8 


4 


5 


M 


eo 


6 


6 


5} 


s 


75 


9 


•>♦ 


6 


^4 


«0 


fi 


■H 


9 


86 


10 


B 


5 




100 


9 


4* 


8 


S 


110 


11 


U 


6 


f* 


185 


9i 


Si 


8t 


140 


10 


6 


8 


160 


8i 


6 


6 


160 


10 


4i 


101 


170 


10 


4i 


Vi 


180 


K 


8 


9i 


IflO 


10* 


5i 


KH 


300 


9 


6 


10 


385 


11 


5i 


Hi 


230 


12 


4i 


18 


840 


12 


10 


6t 


350 


n 


6 


12 


575 


11} 


6 


m 


380 


14 


10 


6i 


30O 


13 


6 


lli 


350 


15 


ti 


13 


360 


121 


6i 


13 


500 


14 


7i 


14 


675 


16 


8 


HJ 



Other special sizes made to order. 



FLORAL (JUIDE 

FOR 1884 

Is an Elegant Book of 150 Pages, 

2 Colored Plates 

of Flowers and Vegetables, and more 
than 1,000 Illustrations of the choicest 
Flowers, Plants and \>^etal>les, and Directions 
for Growing. It is handsome enough fop the 
center table or a holiday present. Send on your 
name and post office address, with 10 cents, 
and we will send you a copy, postage paid. This 
is not a quarter of its eost. It is printed in both 
English and German. If you afterwards order 
seeds deduct the 10 cents. 

VIOK'S SEEDS ARE THE BEST 

in the world. The Floral Guide will tell how 
to get and grow them. 



■v"ici2:'S 



lllustfated Monthlj Mapzine, 

32 pages, a Colored Plate in every number and 
many fine Engravings. Price, $1.25 a year ; Five 
Copies for ♦. 5.00. Specimen Number sent for 10 
cents : 3 trial copies, 25 cents. 

JAMES VICE, - Eochester, N. 7. 

m n M O ^^ Delaware Fruit and Grain 
I* II K III \ Farms cheap. Catalogues free. 
I H 1 1 III W . A. p. GRIFFITH, Smyrna, Del. 



64 



ADl'ER TISEMENTS. 




Postal for Circulars. 



Eectasgular and Square BOX 

Cheapest AND Best. No 
inRide fisturep, ftnd always 
reliable. Six sizes of each 
kind made. Three sizes of 
the Lever Better Worker 
marie. Best material used, 
and every Churn and But- 
ter Worker warranted ex- 
actly as represented. One 
Ohiirn at wholesale where 
we have no apentB. Send 
CORNISH & CURTIS. 

Fort Atkinson, Wis. 




WILSON'S PATENT HAND BONE I 
SHELL GRINDING MILLS, 

A valuable mat-hine for the 
' Poultry-man, Farmer, Garden- 
, and Housekeeper. Grinds 
' green bones rifjht from the 
butcher with the meat on, 
dry t)ones, oyster shells, corn, etc. It is also a 
complete family grist mill. Grinds stale bread, 
cracker dust, takes in whole soda cracker ; also 
graham flour, spices, roots, etc., etc. 

Prices, from $5.00 to $15.00 

Send for Testimonials. 
WII^SOX BROS., Easton. Pa. 



HENRY S. ISELIN, 

NORTHWESTERN IOWA AND SOUTH- 

WESTEKN MINNE.SOTA LANDS, 

Office at Sheldon, O'Brien to., Iowa, and 

Luverne, Rock Co., Minn. 

Send for monthly "Land Journal" free. 



TO PUBLISHERS! 



Publishers of Newspapers and other 



ing proper credit to 



periodicals are hereby respectfully in- 



vited to make any extracts from this 



book which they may consider of value 
to their readers, at the same time giv- 



"FOREST LEHVES." 



W.W. JOHNSON'S 

ABeiDGEO PRICE LIST 

SPRING OF 18 S4. 

SEEDLINGS BY MAIL 

Securely packed iu tao.ss, wrapped in oiled, 
paper and postage paid. If ordered .sent 
by registered mail I will guarantee their 
safe arrival in good condition to any P. O. 
in the United States. Cost of registering 
(ten cents extra on each package sent) to be 
paid by purchaser. 

N»m8. Size. PsrlOO. PerlOOO. 

Box Elder 4 to 6 ins. |0 60. p .50 

Sugar Maple 4 " 6 ' ■ 40. 2 00 

Silver Maple 6 "9" 70. 4 50 

Red Maple __4 " 6 " 1 00. 6 00 

Ailanthus 4 " 6 " 70. 4 00 

Eu. White Birch ..3 " 4 " 50. 3 00 

Am. White Birch.. 3 " 4 ■• 60. 3 50 

llardv Catalpa....4 " 6 •■ 70. 4 00 

Japan. Oatalpn....4 " 6 " 1 60. 8 00 

Teas' Catalpa 4 '• 6 " 2 00. 10 00 

Green Ash 4 " 6 ■• 50. 3 00 

Honey Locust 4 " 6 " 70. 4 00 

SweetGum .3 " 4 " 3 00. 15 00 

Sycamore 0"y" 130. 7 00 

Pear-... 4 " 6 • 2.00. 1100 

Black Locust 4 " 6 " 60. 3 50> 

Poplar and Willow Oultings, 1 00. 8 00 

Norway Spruce. .3 " 4 ■• 60. 3 50 

" ■ " ...4 ■• 6 ■• 1 00. 6 00 

Hemlock Spruce.. 4 " 6 " 70. 4 00 

Scrub Pine 4 " 6 " 3 00. 16 00 

Au.strian Pine 3 " 4 " 60. 3 50 

" 4 " 6 " 1 00. 6 00 

Corsican Pine ....3 " 4 " 1 00. 5 50 

White Pine 3 " 4 ■• 100. 5 50 

" 4 " 6 " 1 30. 7 00 

Scotch Pine .3 " 4 '■ 1 00. 5 50 

Am. Arbor Vitie ..3 " 4 " 60. 3 00 
.4 " 6 •' 70. 4 00 

Also the following Collection for ONE 
DOLLAR each, mailed free : 

No. 1. 10 each of first 10abortTarieties.fi 00 
■' 2. 10 each of next 8 " " 1 00 
" 3 10 each of last 8 " " 1 00 
" 4. 50 Eu.Basswood,3 to 4ins., 100 

" 5.200 Am. White Elm 3 ' 4 " 1 00 

" 6. 35 Tidip Trees .. 3 " 4 " 1 00 
" 7. 50 Black Cherry. 4 " 6 " 1 00 

All of the above 7 Collections and a copy 
of "Forest Leaves" for $6.00. 

Larger sizes sent by mail. Write for 
I pricesstating what is wanted. In ordering 
by above numbers say ' ' hk adcertised in 
Forest LeavCK," for I offer numbered col- 
lections in my regular list, and if this were 
omitted it might lead to confusion. Regu- 
lar Wholesale Price List sent free to all 
who ask for it. 

SxoWFLAKE, Anti-inrCo., Mich. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 65 

W. W. JOHNSON'S 

Great Mm Unrsery and Seefl House, 

EXCI.USIVKI.V DEVOTED TO 

THE PROPAGATION AND DISSEMINATION OF 
TREE SEEDLINGS AND TREE SEEDS 

FOH 

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTING, 

IS LOCATED AT 

Snowfiake, Antrim Co., Mich. 



Below are a few quolalions from the latest Wholesale Priee List issued by this house. 
These prices are for the Spring of 1S84, and are subject to variation after that time. 

They include boxing, packing and free delivery on board the cars. Customers are ad- 
vised to order their goods shipped b}' express in preference to freight, and if ordered sent 
by freight to include in their remittance an amount sufficient to provide for the pre- 
payment of freight charges. 

NURSERY GROWN SEEDLINGS. 

EVERGRKEXS. 

PmIO. Per 100. Per 1000. 

Norway Spruce (.-Ito.v wvf/wO -- - ...a to 4 ins. $0 15 !fO 00 $3 00 

•' 4to6ins. 35 100 6 00 

Balsam Fir (.Wf." 4<(fe<(;»f(0 . 4 to 6 ins. 35 100 5 00 

(JtoOlns. 50 3 00 10 00 

Hemlock Spruce (^Iftj'es C'cniatfe/ms) 4 to 6 ins. 15 60 3 00 

...eioOins 35 100 5 00 

Austrian Pine {PiiiM AustruiCH) _ .. 3 to 4 ins. 15 GO 3 00 

" .. 4to6ins. 35 100 5 00 

■ " etoOins. 50 3 00 10 00 

Corsican Pine (Pj» MS Xan«") 3 to 4 ins. 35 1 00 5 00 

4to6ins, 30 130 6 00 

'Wh.iXe Vine (Pinns strubn^) _ ...3 to 4 ins. 35 100 5 00 

■' " " " 4 to 6 ins. 30 130 00 

. etoOius. 50 3 00 10 00 

Scotch Pine {Piiuis Si/!mstHs) 3 to 4 ins. 35 1 00 5 00 

... 4to6ins. 40 160 8 00 

Am. ArhoTXiUv {T/iiijii orr.tdentali!') ..3 to 4 ins. 15 50 3 50 

' " 4to6ins. 15 00 3 00 

6to9ins. 25 100 5 00 

DECIDUOI S TARIETIES. 

Box Elder (Acci- mgundo) 4 to 6 ins. 15 50 3 50 

'■ 6to9ins. 30 80 4 00 

Sugar Maple [Acer mceh(mnum) 4 to 6 in.s. 10 30 1 00 

Silverleaf Maple (.i4c«r*(scj^fY(?-pMwi) to 9 ins. 15 50 2 50 

Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 4 to 6 ins. 25 1 00 5 00 

Tree of 'ae.sMen {Ailanthus glandulosa) ... 4 to 6 ins. 15 60 3 00 

Eu. White Birch (Be^wfo attrt) 4 to 6 ins. 15 60 3 00 

Am. ^hiie ^\tc\\ (Betula papyracen) 4 to 6 ins. 15 60 3 00 



66 



A D VER TISEMEN TS. 



DECIDUO US VARIETIES— Continued. 



Hardy Catalpa {Calnlpa speeiosn) 4 to 

~ 6 to 

: 9to 

12 to 

Japanese Catalpa (Catalpa Koempferi).. 4 to 

" " " " 6 to 

-. 9 to 

12 to 

.. 4 to 

6 to 

9 to 

12to 



Teas' Hybrid Catalpa (New). 



Common Catalpa (Catalpn hignonioides) 12 to 

18to 

2 to 

Am. White Ash-TRUE-(7'';vM'/«,Hs Americana). 9 to 

Green Ash ( Fra.vimis viridm) 4to 

Honey Locust {GkdiUchia triucanthos) 4 to 

6 to 

9 to 

Sweet Gum {LUpiidnmher Ktijraciflua) 3 to 

Pear {Pyrus cminDunin) 4 to 

'RcA Oak (Quercus rubra) 9 to 

Black Locust (Ribinia jisciidacarta) 6 to 

" " " " 1 to 

2 to 

European Basswood (Tilia Etiropa'a) 2 to 

Silverleaf Poplar, cuttings 

Lombardy " ' ' - . - 

Large White " " 

Balsam " " .. 

Wisconsin Weeping Willow, cuttings 



6 ins. 

9 ins. 
12 ins. 
18 ins. 

6 ins. 

9 ins. 

12 ins. 
18 ins. 

6 ins. 
9 ins. 

13 ins. 
18 ins. 
18 ins. 
34 ins. 

3 ft. 
12 ins. 

6 ins. 
6 ins. 
9 ins. 

12 ins. 

4 ins. 
6 ins. 

13 ins. 
9 ins. 

2 ft. 

3 ft. 

4 ins. 



Per 10. 

$0 15 
25 
35 
50 
35 
50 
75 
1 00 
50 
75 
1 00 



35 
50 

75 

50 

10 

15 

35 

50 

75 

50 

35 

15 

35 

75 

50 

35 

25. 

35 

25 

35 



Pet 100. 
$0 60 



00 
50 
00 



1 50 



00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
00 
00 
00 
40 
60 
00 
00 
00 
00 
50 
60 
50 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 



Pet 1000. 

13 00 

5 00 

7 50 

10 00 

7 50 

10 00 

15 00 

20 00 

10 00 

15 00 

20 00 

35 00 

7 50 

10 00 

15 00 

10 00 

3 00 

3 00 

5 00 

15 00 
10 00 

7 50 

8 00 
7 50 

15 00 
10 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 
5 00 



SEEDS. 



Per oz. 

Norway Spruce *0 25 

Balsam Fir ' 3o 

Silver Fir . 20 

European Larch ... 33 

Austrian Pine 35 

Corsican Pine . 40 

Maritime Pine 20 

Scotch Pine 35 

Bo.\ Elder. 10 

N orway Maple 35 

Sycamore Maple 30 

Scarlet Maple 30 

Ailanthus 25 

European Alder 20 

Berberry ;..... 30 

Eu, White Birch.... ■ 20 

Yellow Birch . 85 

European Hornbeam . 30 

Seeds sent bj' mail for 18 cents 
Wholesale List sent free to all who 



Per lb. 



«1 



50 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

1 00 

3 00 

60 

1 50 

1 00 

1 00 



1 50 
1 00 
1 00 



00 
00 



1 00 



Hardy Catalpa 

Japanese Catalpa 
Am. White Ash. . 

Black Ash 

Green Ash 



Pet oz. 

,|0 40 

75 

10 

25 

10 

European Ash 20 

Honey Locust 15 

Black Walnut 

Osage Orange 15 

Sycamore . 20 

Pear 40 

Black Locust 20 

Mountain Ash 30 

Eiu'opean Basswood.Siiiall Leared, 20 
largeleaifd, 20 

American " 30 

White Elm 35 



Pet lb. 
$2 60 

5 00 
60 

1 50 
50 

1 00 
75 
10 
75 

1 oe 

2 50 
1 00 
1 00 
1 00 
1 CO 
1 00 

3 00 



per pound additional to the above prices. Regular 
apply. 



A D VER TISEMEN TS. 6 7 



TO CORRESPONDENTS. 



I take this opportunity of returning sincere thanks to customers for tlie many flatter- 
ing testimonials received during the past season, and it gives me great pleasure to know 
that my elforts to please customers are so well appreciated. It is impossible to publish 
all such letters received, as it would take a large volume to hold them, but I have selected 
a few at random and insert them below as samples for the benefit of intending pur- 
chasers. 

Stacetville, Mitchell Co., Iowa., Ajiril 14th, 1883. 
To W. W. Johnson : 

Dear Sir — The 100 Hemlock Spruce, as ordered, are at hand. I am much pleased 
with them ; they are much larger and nicer plants than I expected at the price. Hoping 
to receive your circulars as issued, I am, yours truly, 

A. AV. PENNEY. 



E.Mi>ORi.\. Kansas, April STth, 1883. 
Mr. W. W. Johnson : 

Dear Sir — The trees came through in good order. Thanks for extra maples, 

MAX FAWCETT. 



767 Greenwich St., New York, May 3d, 1883. 
Dear Sir — I mailed you a letter of inquiry aljout my tree seedlings this morning, and 
gave order for seeds. To day the trees came all correct. Am highly pleased with them. 

Truly, C. H. DRUMMOND. 



Siou.x Falls, D. T., Felj. 4th, 1883. 
Dear Sir — Sugar ma'j'e trees and seeds just received. The trees are in good con- 
dition. Very respectfully. 

M. W. PRUNER. 



PiiiLLii'snuHG. Kansas, May 1st, 1883. 
Dear Sir — Trees arrived all O. K.; have the larger part set out ; ground in good 
condition. Yours, etc., 

H. S. A- W. D. GRANGER. 



Greeley, Colorado, May 7th. U83. 
Mr. Johnson : 

Dear Sir — The seedlings received in good condition. Got (hem planted in favorable 
time, and hope for good results. Yours, etc., 

GEO. W. BUELL. 



Pasadena, Cal., May 7th, 1883. 
W. W. .Johnson, Snowflake, Mich.: 

Dear Sir — The trees ordered arrived yesterday in good condition, and are satis- 
factory. Respectfully yours, 

F. C. SHELDON, M. D. 



68 • ADVERTISEMENTS. 

Freehold, Penn,, May 26tli, 1883. 
Heceived goods tlu' 3<tli. Many tlianks for extras. 

Yours trulv. WASH. t:OLTON. 



GrRAUD, 111., April 2Ttli, 1888. 
Mh. W. W. .Johnson : 

Dear Sir — The Catalpa plants you -iliipped the IStli inst. came all rinUl in good 
fondition. Your.s, 

S. W. STULZMAN. 



C.u.iSToo.^, Napa Co.. Cal., July 16tli. 1883. 
.AV. W. .Johnson : 

Dear Sir — Will you please send nie yoiu' price list for 1883? If j'ou make your 
more complete and enlarged edition of Forest Le.wes (as you anticipated) please send 
me one. The 25 Wisconsin Weeping Willow cuttings you sent me last spring, all lived 
and are making rapid growth. At this date they are five feet, and have at least three 
months yet to grow before frost. Yours trulv. 

IRA W. ADAMS. 



E\ ANs, Colorado, .June 21st, 1883. 
Dear Sir — I take pleasure in stating to you that the trees ordered last spring came to 
hand in fine shape, and, although remaining at the R. R. Station ten days (b}' an over- 
sight), all are now doing finely, and I am much pleased with your stock. Shall order 
more of you in the fall, and will recommend you to buyers in your line. 

Yours truly, GEO. H. HOWE. 



North Bend, Ohio, April 3, 1883. 
Dear Sir— Many thanks for samples of Hardy Catalpa and White Ash seeds ; both 
are correct as I believe. Catalpa presumably home grown. 

Yours, ^ JNO. A. WARDER. 



No. .5 Portland St., Boston, Mass., July 9th, 1883. 
Mk. W. W. .Johnson: 

Dear Sir — It is due to you that I say that the 500 seedlings, by mail last spring, are 
doing exceedingly well, all living with slight exception and looking thrifty. The Catalpas 
which I wrote you May 22d (at the time set) looked lifele.ss, are the most thrifty of all 

Respectfully yours. S. C. HOPKINS. 




Is now ready for dlstrlbntion. and Is conrededby both Press and Pnbllc to be "The most bcantlfnl and nRpfiil Fnilt 
l."atalt>;:ue evvr imblisliL-d." It is profusely illustrated with truthful engravings of the best Fruits, and isreplrte with 
information valuahie to all Interested in their culture. The descriptioas are accurate, honest, and the prices mod- 
erate. J-yee to ali uppUiMnCs. iseud'ibr it. 




3fy Spednlty. In addition to all the Standard Varieties 
Ihavealarf^e and superior sturk of the invaluable extra 
early raspberry, the HANSEJLL, of which I am the in- 
troducer. Also, SouiiEGAN and Tyler Raspberries; 
EARLY HARVEST, ^Vilsox.Jr and Eaklt Clus- 
ter Blaekbt-rries, ATLANTIf, DaMEL Bi'ONE. MaSCIIES- 
TER, Old Iron-Clad. Jajiks Vick, Printk of BERitiES, 
LE<rAL Tender, and other nt-w Strawberries; JESSICA 
(the superb new. early white Or;ipe, of which I have the 
exrluBfveKali- in the T'nited States), Pockltx(;ton,Karly 
VirToi:, Lady Washington, etc.: FAi'*s Prolifio Cue- 

KANT. 




Tn thii; department a spfHfiJfi/ fn made of the PEACH, 
200.000 /''//L' Tf-et-s, icorh.doustork.'ifirorni frnmiititu- 
ral 7\'niiessee seed, and entirelij free from " i/ellnics,'* or 
am/ other dixense. All the Standard Varieties in large 
supply and a fine stock of such new sorts as &«CIIl'- 
DIAKER, Wager.Waterloo, Wheatland, Lord Pal- 
WEKSTON, etc Amon^ the other novelties in Fruit Trees 
I will name Yellow Transparent, IJkd nrKTKiiiEiMER, 
and Lav^ford Apples; KIEFFER'S II VKKIDnnd 
I.cCONTE Pears; Russian Aprieot; i'HA.IIFION 
Quince. A larpe stock of Nut Beariug Trees, embrac- 
ing both Standard and Kew Varieties. 



Kemember the Catalo^e costs you nothing and may save you a great deal. 
Ko«rFraitF«rm,. { Addiess. , J. T.LOVETT, 5 ^"r"fri;."rA%^:^ 

Little Silver, New Jersey. (Mauchesier simwuerri/- 



Three <<i*eenhout^es. 




If You Propose Buying A Windmill 

GET FULL INFORMATION OF THE 

VANELESS SELF-EEGULATING 

WINDMILL. 

If you want the Agency for the best Windmill, investigatti the 
MERITS OF THE CHAMPION. 

Every Mill fully Warranted and ALWAYS gives Satisfaction. 

20 ysars' experience in the manufacture of Fumps anl Windmills. 

AlO-ft. Mill will pump from 50 to 300 barrels of water every 24 hours ; it 
williiaudle a pump in a well 150 feet deep. Also manufacturers of the 
Star Wood Pumps. Uuor and Window Screens, Boss Sickle Grinders, &c. To 

Also manufacturers of Hunting, Fishing and Pleasure Boats. Send for Catalogue A for Windmills and 
Catalogue B for Boats. 

WA UKEGAN, ILL., U. S. A. 



U. S Law to Encourage Tree Planting. 



Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Con- 
gress assembled. That the act entitled " An Act to amend the act entitled 'An Act to encoura^je the 
growth of timber on Western Prairies,'" approved March thirteenth, eiffhtcen hundred and seventy- 
fonr, be and the same is hereby nmended so as to read as follows : TUat any person who is the head of 
a family, or' who has arrived at the a^e of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, 
or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization 
laws of the United States, who shall plant, protect, and keep in a healthy, growius condition for eicht 
years ten acres of timber, on any quarter-section of any of the public lands of the United States, or five 
acres on any leeral subdivision of eighty ncres, or two and one-half acres on any leeral subdivision of forty 
a«res or less, shall be entitled to a patent for the whole of said quarter-section, or of such lepal subdivision 
of eighty or forty acres, or fractiimal subdivision of less than forty acres, as the case may be. at the expira- 
tion of said eiglit years, on making proof of such fnct by not less than two credible witnesses, and a 
full compliance of the further conditions as provided in section two : Provided further. That not more 
than one-quarter of any section shall bo thus granted, and that no person shall ^jake more than one 
entry under the provisions of this act. 

Sec. 2. That the person applying for the benefits of this act shall, upon application to the regrister 
of the land-district in which he or she is about to make such entry, make affidavit, before the legister or 
the receiver, or the clerk of some court of record, or officer authorized to administer oaths in the district 

where the land is situated ; which affidavit shall be as follows, to wit : I, , having filed 

my application number . for an entry under the provisions of an act entitled " An Act to amend 

an act entitled * An Act to rncourag&tho growth of timber on the Western Prairies,' " approved 

, 187— , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am the head of a family (or over twenty-one years of 

age>, and a citizen of the United States (or have declared my intention to become such); that the 
section of land specified in my said application is composed exclusively of prairie lands, or other lands 
devoid of timber; that this tiling and entry is made for the cultivation of timber, and for my own 
exclusive use and benefit ; that I have made the said application in good faith, and not for the purpose 
of speculation, or directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any otlier person or persons whomso- 
ever ; that I intend to hold and cullivaie the bnd. and to fully comply with the provisions of this said 
act; and that I have not heretofore made an entry under this act, or the acts of which this is amendatory. 
And upon filing said affidavit with said register and said receiver, and on pajanent of ten dollars if the 
tract applied for is more than eighty acres, and five dollars if it is eighty acres or less, he or she shall 
thereupttn be permitted to enter the quantity of land specified ; and the party making an entry of a 
quarter-section under the provisions of this act shall be required to break or plow five acres covered 
thereby the first year, five acres the second year, and to cultivate to crop or otherwise the five acres 
broken or plowed the first year ; .the third year he or she shall cultivate to crop or otherwise the five 
. acres broken the second year, and to plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings the five acres first broken or 
plowed, and to cultivate and put in crop or otherwise the remaining five acres, and the fourth year to 
plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings the remaining five acres. All entries of less quantity than one-quarter 
section shall be plowed, planted, cultivated and planted to trees, tree-seeds, or cuttings, in the same 
manner and in the same proportion as hereinbefor** provided for a quarter-section : Provided, however* 
That in case such trees, seeds, or cuttings shal' be destroyed by grasshoppers, or by extreme and unusual 
drouth, for any year or terms of years, the time for planting such trees, seeds", or cuttings shall be 
extended one year for every such year that they are so destroyed : Provided further, That the person 
making such entry shall, before he or she shall be entitled to such extension of time, file with the 
register and the receiver of the proper land-office an affidavit, corroborated by two witnesses, setting 
forth the destruction of such trees, and that, in consequence of such destruction, be or she is compelled 
to ask an extension of time, in accordance with the provisions of this act : And provided further. That 
no final certificate shall be given, or patent issued, for the land so entered, until the expiration of eight 
years from the date of such entry; and if, at the expiration of such time, or at any time within five years 
thereafter, the person making such entry, or, if he or she be dead, his or her heirs or legal represen- 
tatives, shall prove by two credible witnesses that he or she or they have planted, and. for not less than 
eight years, have cultivated and protected such quantity and character of trees as aforesaid; that not 
less than twenty-seven hundred trees were planted on each acre, and that at the time of making such 
proof there shall be then growing at least six hundred and seventy-five living and thrifty trees to each 
acre, they shall receive a patent for such tract of land. 

Sec. 3. That if at any time after the filing of said affidavit, and prior to the issuing of the patent for 
said land, the claimant shall fail to comply with any of the requirements of this act, then and in that 
event such land shall be subject to entry under the homestead laws or by some other person under the 
provisions of this act : Provided, That the party making claim to said land, either as a homestead 
settler or under this act, shall give, at the time of filing his application, such notice to the original 
claimant as shall be prescribed by the rules established by the Tomml'^sioner of the General Land Office; 
and the rights of the parties shall be determined as in other contested cases. 

Sec. 4. That no land acquired under the provisions of this act shall, in any event, become liable to 
the satisfaction of any debt or debts contracted prior to the issuing of the final certificate therefor. 

Sec S. That the Commissioner of the General Land Office is hereby required to prepare and issue 
Burh rules and regulations, consistent with this act, as shall be necessary and proper to carry Its provi- 
sions into effect; and that the registers and receivers of the several land-offices shall each be entitled 
to receive two dollars at the time of entry, and the like sum when the claim is finally established and 
the final certificate issued. 

Sec. 6. That the fifth section of the act entitled " An Act in addition to an act to punish crimes 
against the United States, and for other purposes," approved March third, eighteen hundred and fifty- . 
seven, shall extend to all oaths, affirmations, and affidavits required or authorized by this act. 

Sec 7. That parties who have already made entries under the acts approved ^farch third, eighteen 
hundred and seventy-three, and March thirteenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-four, of which this Is 
amendatory, shall be permitted to complete the same upcm full compli'^nce with the provisions of this 
act; that is, they shall, at the time of making their final proof, have had under cultivation, as 
required by this act, an amount of timber sufBclent to make the number of acres required by 
this act. 

Skc. 8. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 
Approved June 14, 1878. 



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